Optic Nerve Tilt, Crescent, Ovality, and Torsion in a Multi-Ethnic Cohort of Young Adults With and Without Myopia.

Purpose: The purpose of this article is to evaluate optic nerve head (ONH) characteristics in an ethnically diverse cohort of young U.S. adults.

A sloped piecemeal Gaussian model for characterising foveal pit shape.

Purpose: High-quality optical coherence tomography (OCT) macular scans make it possible to distinguish a range of normal and diseased states by characterising foveal pit shape. Existing mathematical models lack the flexibility to capture all known pit variations and thus characterise the pit with limited accuracy. This study aimed to develop a new model that provides a more robust characterisation of individual foveal pit variations.

Choroidal Thickness Profiles in Myopic Eyes of Young Adults in the Correction of Myopia Evaluation Trial Cohort.

Purpose: To examine the relationship of choroidal thickness with axial length (AL) and myopia in young adult eyes in the ethnically diverse Correction of Myopia Evaluation Trial (COMET) cohort.

Design: Cross-sectional, multicenter study.

Methods: In addition to measures of myopia by cycloplegic autorefraction and AL by A-scan ultrasonography, participants underwent optical coherence tomography imaging of the choroid in both eyes at their last visit (14 years after baseline).

Vision and eye health in children 36 to <72 months: proposed data definitions.

Purpose: To recommend a standardized approach for measuring progress toward national goals to improve preschool children's eye health.

Methods: A multidisciplinary panel of experts reviewed existing measures and national vision-related goals during a series of face-to-face meetings and conference calls. The panel used a consensus process, informed by existing data related to delivery of eye and non-eye services to preschool children.

Exploring pre-school vision screening in primary care offices in Alabama.

Purpose: To investigate practices, barriers, and facilitators of universal pre-school vision screening (PVS) at pediatric primary care offices.

Methods: Focus group sessions (FGS) were moderated on-site at nine pediatric practices. A semi-structured topic guide was used to standardize and facilitate FGS.

Intraocular pressure and central corneal thickness in the COMET cohort.

Purpose: To describe intraocular pressure (IOP) and central corneal thickness (CCT) in ethnically diverse, myopic young adults enrolled in COMET (the Correction of Myopia Evaluation Trial) and their association with ocular and demographic factors.

Methods: IOP (Goldmann tonometry), CCT (handheld pachymetry), refractive error (cycloplegic autorefraction), and ocular components (A-scan ultrasonography) were measured in 385 of the original 469 subjects (mean age = 20.3 ± 1.

Factors associated with macular thickness in the COMET myopic cohort.

Purpose: To determine whether macular thickness is associated with ethnicity, gender, axial length (AL), and severity of myopia in a cohort of young adults from the Correction of Myopia Evaluation Trial (COMET).

Methods: Eleven years after their baseline visit, 387/469 (83%) subjects returned for their annual visit. In addition to the protocol-specific measures of spherical equivalent refractive error (SER) and AL, high-resolution macular imaging also was performed with optical coherence tomography (RTVue).

Efficacy of a web-based intervention to improve and sustain knowledge and screening for amblyopia in primary care settings.

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of a physician-targeted website to improve knowledge and self-reported behavior relevant to strabismus and amblyopia ("vision") in primary care settings.

Methods: Eligible providers (filing Medicaid claims for at least eight well-child checks at ages 3 or 4 years, 1 year before study enrollment), randomly assigned to control (chlamydia and blood pressure) or vision groups, accessed four web-based educational modules, programmed to present interactive case vignettes with embedded questions and feedback. Each correct response, assigned a value of +1 to a maximum of +7, was used to calculate a summary score per provider.

Association of education and occupation with myopia in COMET parents.

Purpose: To investigate refractive error, especially myopia, in parents of myopic children and its association with education and occupation.

Methods: Six hundred twenty-seven parents (n = 375 mothers and 252 fathers) of the 469 myopic 6- to <12-year-old children enrolled in COMET provided refraction data as well as answered questions about their education and occupation. Eighty-five percent of the refractions were obtained by non-cycloplegic autorefraction (Nidek ARK 700A), and 15% were obtained from the most recent prescription.

Design of a randomized clinical trial to improve rates of amblyopia detection in preschool aged children in primary care settings.

Purpose: To present the design of a cluster randomized controlled trial (cRCT) to evaluate the effectiveness of a web-based intervention for improving provider knowledge about strabismus and amblyopia (S/A) and preschool vision screening (PVS), increase PVS rates, and improve rates of S/A diagnoses made by eye specialists. This is the first cRCT targeting amblyopia prevention.

Methods: Participants were Medicaid providers in AL, SC, or IL who had Internet access and had filed at least 8 claims for well child visits (WCV) for children ages 3 or 4 years old during a 12-month period before enrollment.

Evaluation of computer-based testing for aniseikonia in children.

Purpose: To evaluate the ability of children to perform computer-based matching and to evaluate the accuracy and reliability of size lens induced aniseikonia measurement using the Aniseikonia Inspector version 1.

Methods: Fifty-seven children in grades 1, 3, and 5 (aged 6 to 11 years) completed four trials per each of four conditions: control (associated binocular), dissociated (wearing red/green filters only), and dissociated with 3.5% afocal (size) lens over the right eye and size lens over the left eye (the latter two conditions in predetermined random order).

Knowledge, attitudes, and environment: what primary care providers say about pre-school vision screening.

Purpose: To evaluate knowledge, attitudes, and environment of primary care providers, and to develop a conceptual framework showing their impact on self-reported pre-school vision screening (PVS) behaviors.

Methods: Eligible primary care providers were individuals who filed claims with Medicaid agencies in Alabama, South Carolina, or Illinois, for at least eight well child checks for children aged 3 or 4 years during 1 year. Responses were obtained on-line from providers who enrolled in the intervention arm of a randomized trial to improve PVS.

Treatment of severe amblyopia with weekend atropine: results from 2 randomized clinical trials.

Purpose: To determine the effectiveness of weekend atropine for severe amblyopia from strabismus, anisometropia, or both combined among children 3 to 12 years of age.

Methods: We enrolled children into 2 prospective, randomized multicenter clinical trials of amblyopia therapy. Herein we report the results for severe amblyopia, 20/125 to 20/400.

Myopia Progression in Children Wearing Spectacles vs. Switching to Contact Lenses.

PURPOSE: To investigate myopia progression in Correction of Myopia Evaluation Trial (COMET) participants who switched to soft contact lenses (CLs) vs. remained in spectacles after the clinical trial ended. METHODS: Four hundred sixty-nine ethnically diverse, 6- to 11-year-old myopic children were randomly assigned to wear single vision lenses (SVLs) or progressive addition spectacle lenses (PALs) for 5 years as part of COMET.

Accommodative lag by autorefraction and two dynamic retinoscopy methods.

Purpose: To evaluate two clinical procedures, Monocular Estimate Method (MEM) and Nott retinoscopy, for detecting accommodative lags 1.00 diopter (D) or greater in children as identified by an open-field autorefractor.

Methods: One hundred sixty-eight children 8 to <12 years old with low myopia, normal visual acuity, and no strabismus participated as part of an ancillary study within the screening process for a randomized trial.

Quantitative pediatric vision screening in primary care settings in Alabama.

Purpose: Alabama Medicaid reimburses "objective" vision screening (VS), i.e., by acuity or similar quantitative method, and well child checks (WCCs) separately.

Seeking eye care for children: perceptions among Hispanic immigrant parents.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the perceptions related to seeking eye care for their children among Hispanic immigrant parents. Five focus group discussions with approximately eight Hispanic immigrant parents each were carried out using a designed topic guide to encourage dialogue. Discussion was tape-recorded and transcribed.

Factors associated with high myopia after 7 years of follow-up in the Correction of Myopia Evaluation Trial (COMET) Cohort.

Purpose: To evaluate factors associated with the development of high myopia (worse than -6.00 D) over 7 years of follow-up in the COMET cohort.

Methods: COMET enrolled 469 ethnically diverse children (6-11 years) with myopia between -1.

Project Universal Preschool Vision Screening: a demonstration project.

Objectives: Visual disorders among preschool-aged children are common, yet screening is infrequent. The purpose of this project was to implement the vision screening recommendations proposed by the Maternal and Child Health Bureau and National Eye Institute Vision Screening in the Preschool Child Task Force: monocular visual acuity and stereopsis testing.

Methods: Four sites fully participated in the implementation of the task force recommendations with 3- and 4-year-old children.

Relationship of age, sex, and ethnicity with myopia progression and axial elongation in the correction of myopia evaluation trial.

Objective: To identify the baseline factors independently related to 3-year myopia progression and axial elongation in COMET.

Methods: A total of 469 children were enrolled, randomly assigned to progressive addition lenses with a + 2.00 diopter (D) addition or to single vision lenses and observed for 3 years.

Accommodation and related risk factors associated with myopia progression and their interaction with treatment in COMET children.

Purpose: To examine baseline measurements of accommodative lag, phoria, reading distance, amount of near work, and level of myopia as risk factors for progression of myopia and their interaction with treatment over 3 years, in children enrolled in the Correction of Myopia Evaluation Trial (COMET).

Methods: COMET enrolled 469 ethnically diverse children (ages, 6-11 years) with myopia between -1.25 and -4.

Repeatability of ETDRS visual acuity in children.

Purpose: To evaluate repeatability of the best corrected log minimum angle of resolution (MAR) Early-Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) acuity in a group of 6- to 11-year old children with myopia.

Methods: Best corrected monocular visual acuity (VA) of a subset of children (n = 86) enrolled in the Correction of Myopia Evaluation Trial (COMET; mean spherical equivalent refractive error -2.35 D with no more than 1.

A randomized clinical trial of progressive addition lenses versus single vision lenses on the progression of myopia in children.

Purpose: The purpose of the Correction of Myopia Evaluation Trial (COMET) was to evaluate the effect of progressive addition lenses (PALs) compared with single vision lenses (SVLs) on the progression of juvenile-onset myopia.

Methods: COMET enrolled 469 children (ages 6-11 years) with myopia between -1.25 and -4.

Compliance with vision-screening guidelines among a national sample of pediatricians.

Objective: The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends vision screening from birth through adolescence, with visual acuity testing and binocular screening to begin at age 3 years. The 1996 AAP guidelines advised referral for visual acuity worse than 20/40 for children aged 3 to 5 years and worse than 20/30 for children aged 6 years and older. Our objective was to describe vision-screening and referral practices in a national sample of primary care pediatricians.