Helping Educators Learn Pediatric Pain Assessment and Intervention Needs Program (HELP PAIN): Program Development with Community Partners.

Background/objectives: This paper details the development of the Helping Educators Learn Pediatric Pain Assessment and Intervention Needs (HELP PAIN) program.

Methods: HELP PAIN is an 8 h live training program for school providers (e.g.

Cashew nut ( L.) and cashew nut oil reduce cardiovascular risk factors in adults on weight-loss treatment: a randomized controlled three-arm trial (Brazilian Nuts Study).

Introduction: Cashew nut contains bioactive compounds that modulate satiety and food intake, but its effects on body fat during energy restriction remains unknown. This study aimed to assess the effects of cashew nut and cashew nut oil on body fat (primary outcome) as well as adiposity, cardiometabolic and liver function markers (secondary outcomes).

Materials And Methods: An eight-week (8-wk) randomized controlled-feeding study involved 68 adults with overweight/obesity (40 women, BMI: 33 ± 4 kg/m).

Associations of the Informal Curriculum and Student Perceptions of Research With Family Medicine Career Choice.

Background: The United States is facing a primary care physician shortage that is predicted to continue through the next decade. Determining why graduating medical students pursue a career in family medicine may inform efforts to help address this shortage.

Methods: Medical student responses to the Family Medicine Attitudes Questionnaire (FMAQ), a 14-item validated questionnaire developed to assess student attitudes toward family medicine, were collected at 16 US medical schools and compared to each institution's proportion of graduates entering family medicine.

The Relationship Between Medical School Clerkships and Primary Care Specialty Choice: A Narrative Review.

Background And Objectives: There is a persistent shortage of primary care physicians in the United States. Medical schools can help meet societal primary care health needs by graduating more students who select family medicine and other primary care careers. The objective of this narrative review was to evaluate the relationship between clerkships and primary care specialty choice.

Medical School Characteristics, Policies, and Practices That Support Primary Care Specialty Choice: A Scoping Review of 5 Decades of Research.

Background And Objectives: The United States, like many other nations, faces a chronic shortage of primary care physicians. The purpose of this scoping review was to synthesize literature describing evidence-based institutional practices and interventions that support medical students' choices of primary care specialties, published in the United States, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand.

Methods: We surveyed peer-reviewed, published research.

Influences of Medical School Admissions Practices on Primary Care Career Choice.

Background And Objectives: Medical schools should understand how to matriculate students who are more likely to enter primary care specialties and put admissions processes into place that achieve this result. However, there are no existing reviews that have systematically evaluated medical school admission practices and primary care specialty choice.

Methods: We conducted a narrative synthesis utilizing a systematic literature search to evaluate the effectiveness of medical school admission strategies designed to increase the percentage of graduates entering primary care specialties.

The Impact of Family Medicine Interest Groups and Student-Run Free Clinics on Primary Care Career Choice: A Narrative Synthesis.

Background And Objectives: Student-directed activities such as family medicine interest groups (FMIG) and student-run free clinics (SRFC) have been examined to discover their impact on entry into family medicine and primary care. The objective of this review was to synthesize study results to better incorporate and optimize these activities to support family medicine and primary care choice.

Methods: We conducted a comprehensive literature search using PubMed, Scopus, and CINAHL to identify all English-language research articles on FMIG and SRFC.

Institutional Characteristics Influencing Medical Student Selection of Primary Care Careers: A Narrative Review and Synthesis.

Background And Objectives: There is an ongoing shortage of primary care physicians in the United States. Medical schools are under pressure to address this threat to the nation's health by producing more primary care graduates, including family physicians. Our objective was to identify institutional characteristics associated with more medical students choosing primary care.

How Medical Education Pathways Influence Primary Care Specialty Choice.

Background And Objectives: Primary care is associated with improved patient health and reductions in health disparities. Consequently, the demand for primary care physicians is increasing. To meet this demand, medical schools have employed strategies to graduate students interested in primary care careers, including medical education pathways-structured, longitudinal experiences that are explicitly separate from the main curricular scope of the undergraduate medical education experience.

Examining Access to Psychiatric Care in Michigan's Upper Peninsula.

Introduction: There is a shortage of mental health services in rural America, and little research is focused on rural underserved communities. Our aim was to identify and map clinical mental health services located in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan (UP) and explore primary care physician (PCP) mental health service provision and barriers to access experienced by this population.

Methods: We mapped clinically active psychiatrists and inpatient psychiatric units in the UP, and identified high-risk regions based on >30 mile distance to ambulatory services or low inpatient bed to population ratio.

Relative validity and reproducibility of food frequency questionnaire for individuals on hemodialysis (NUGE-HD study).

Introduction: Adequate assessment of food intake is essential to establish the magnitude and direction of the relationship of food, nutrients, and bioactive compounds with clinical outcomes of individuals in hemodialysis. We evaluated the relative validity and reproducibility of a specific food frequency questionnaire for individuals on hemodialysis (FFQ-HD).

Methods: Eighty-two participants (57.

FMAQ-S: Development of a Short Form of the Family Medicine Attitudes Questionnaire.

Introduction: Identifying and training students who choose family medicine careers is essential to meeting primary care workforce needs in the United States. Medical students' positive attitudes toward family medicine are associated with students' choice of family medicine as a specialty. This study sought to refine a previously tested questionnaire assessing US medical students' attitudes toward family medicine by shortening the questionnaire to make it more useful in educational practice and research settings.

Dietary inflammatory index and mortality in hemodialysis patients by path analysis approach (NUGE-HD study).

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the interrelationships between dietary, nutritional, and inflammatory factors in predicting all-cause mortality among individuals in hemodialysis (HD) treatment.

Methods: Participating in this study were 137 patients undergoing HD (58.4% men, 61.

Education and Attitudes on Medical Cannabis in Family Medicine Residency Programs.

Background And Objectives: Medical cannabis has become increasingly prevalent in the United States, however the extent of family medicine resident education on this topic remains unknown. The objective of this study was to ascertain the current state of medical cannabis education across this population and identify patterns in education based on state legality and program director (PD) practices.

Methods: Survey questions were part of the Council of Academic Family Medicine Educational Research Alliance (CERA) omnibus survey from May 2019 to July 2019.

Dietary intake, clinical-nutritional status, and homocysteine in hemodialysis subjects: the mediating role of inflammation (NUGE-HD study).

The aim of the present study was to test the hypothesis that inflammation mediates the associations among food intake, clinical-nutritional status, and plasma homocysteine (Hcys) in hemodialysis (HD) subjects. This was a cross-sectional analysis of data on 129 subjects undergoing HD (58.9% male, 61.

Attitudes Toward Family Medicine Among Students Choosing Other Primary Care Specialties.

Background And Objectives: Little is known about how medical students choose between primary care specialties. We compared the attitudes toward family medicine of medical students intending to practice primary care but not family medicine (PCNFM), with students intending to practice family medicine (FM) and those intending nonprimary care (NPC) careers.

Methods: The Family Medicine Attitudes Questionnaire (FMAQ) was distributed to 2,644 fourth-year medical students at 16 medical schools in spring 2017.

Telehealth in response to the COVID-19 pandemic: Implications for rural health disparities.

Telehealth programs have long held promise for addressing rural health disparities perpetuated by inadequate healthcare access. The COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) pandemic and accompanying social distancing measures have hastened the implementation of telehealth programs in hospital systems around the globe. Here, we provide specific examples of telehealth efforts that have been implemented in a large rural healthcare system in response to the pandemic, and further describe how the massive shift to telehealth and reliance on virtual connections in these times of social isolation may impact rural health disparities for those without access to necessary broadband to deploy digital technologies.

Trends in Subspecialization: A Comparative Analysis of Rural and Urban Clinical Education.

Background And Objectives: Medical students who train in rural communities are often exposed to physicians practicing a broad scope of care, regardless of discipline. We examined how rural education is associated with practice specialization rates for students who match in primary care or general core specialties.

Methods: We linked practice and specialty data (2016 AMA Masterfile dataset), demographics (American Medical College Application Service data), and internal college data for 1974-2011 Michigan State University College of Human Medicine graduates who received clinical education on either the Upper Peninsula (rural) or Grand Rapids (urban) campuses.

Impact of oral carbohydrate consumption prior to cesarean delivery on preoperative well-being: a randomized interventional study.

Purpose: Oral carbohydrate consumption before surgery improves insulin sensitivity, cardiac output and well-being, and shortens hospital stays without adverse effects. No work has compared higher-dose carbohydrate beverages made for preoperative consumption to common, commercial oral rehydration solutions with lower carbohydrate concentrations.

Methods: We recruited low-risk women undergoing scheduled cesarean deliveries with planned spinal anesthesia.

Defining Rural: The Predictive Value of Medical School Applicants' Rural Characteristics on Intent to Practice in a Rural Community.

Purpose: To understand the predictive value of medical student application characteristics on rural practice intent.

Method: The authors constructed a linked database of 2012-2017 medical school matriculants from American Medical College Application Service applications and Association of American Medical Colleges Matriculating Student Questionnaire (MSQ, 2012-2017) and Graduation Questionnaire (GQ, 2016-2018). Using logistic regression, they compared application variables (birth, high school, childhood county, and self-declared geographical origin) to students' MSQ and GQ intent to practice rurally.