Host microRNAs as regulators of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus infection.

Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus (PRRSV) is a significant pathogen in the swine industry. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a class of small non-coding RNA molecules, have risen to prominence as key regulators of gene expression at the post-transcriptional level. Their significance in regulating virus-host interactions is now widely acknowledged.

miR-451-targeted PSMB8 promotes PRRSV infection by degrading IRF3.

Unlabelled: Porcine respiratory and reproductive syndrome (PRRS) is one of the most devastating infectious diseases of pigs, causing reproductive failures in sows and severe respiratory symptoms in piglets and growing pigs. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are reported to play an essential role in virus-host interactions. In this study, we demonstrated that miR-451 enhanced type I interferon (IFN-I) production through targeting proteasome subunit β8 (PSMB8), therefore restricting PRRS virus (PRRSV) replication.

ASFV pA151R negatively regulates type I IFN production via degrading E3 ligase TRAF6.

African swine fever (ASF) caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a highly mortal and hemorrhagic infectious disease in pigs. Previous studies have indicated that ASFV modulates interferon (IFN) production. In this study, we demonstrated that ASFV pA151R negatively regulated type I IFN production.

African swine fever virus S273R protein antagonizes type I interferon production by interfering with TBK1 and IRF3 interaction.

African swine fever (ASF) is originally reported in East Africa as an acute hemorrhagic fever. African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a giant and complex DNA virus with icosahedral structure and encodes a variety of virulence factors to resist host innate immune response. S273R protein (pS273R), as a SUMO-1 specific cysteine protease, can affect viral packaging by cutting polymeric proteins.

miR-204 suppresses porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) replication via inhibiting LC3B-mediated autophagy.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) caused by PRRS virus (PRRSV) has been regarded as a persistent challenge for the swine farms worldwide. microRNAs (miRNAs) play key roles in regulating almost every important biological process, including virus-host interaction. In this study, we found that miR-204 was highly expressed in cells that were not permissive to PRRSV infection compared with cells susceptible to PRRSV infection.

African swine fever virus QP383R dampens type I interferon production by promoting cGAS palmitoylation.

Cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) recognizes viral DNA and synthesizes cyclic GMP-AMP (cGAMP), which activates stimulator of interferon genes (STING/MITA) and downstream mediators to elicit an innate immune response. African swine fever virus (ASFV) proteins can antagonize host immune responses to promote its infection. Here, we identified ASFV protein QP383R as an inhibitor of cGAS.

miR-142-3p suppresses porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection by directly targeting Rac1.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) caused by PRRS virus (PRRSV) has been recognized as one of the severest epidemics in pigs worldwide. microRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in a variety of biological processes, including cell differentiation, proliferation and death, as well as viral infections and antiviral immune responses. In this study, we found that miR-142-3p was expressed lower in cells susceptible to PRRSV infection than in cells less or no permissive to PRRSV infection.

Regulation of antiviral immune response by African swine fever virus (ASFV).

African swine fever (ASF) is a highly contagious and acute hemorrhagic viral disease with a high mortality approaching 100% in domestic pigs. ASF is an endemic in countries in sub-Saharan Africa. Now, it has been spreading to many countries, especially in Asia and Europe.

Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Evades Antiviral Innate Immunity MicroRNAs Regulation.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is one of the most important diseases in pigs, leading to significant economic losses in the swine industry worldwide. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small single-stranded non-coding RNAs involved in regulating gene expressions at the post-transcriptional levels. A variety of host miRNAs are dysregulated and exploited by PRRSV to escape host antiviral surveillance and help virus infection.

NSP2 Is Important for Highly Pathogenic Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus to Trigger High Fever-Related COX-2-PGE2 Pathway in Pigs.

In 2006, atypical porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) caused by a highly pathogenic PRRSV (HP-PRRSV) strain broke out in China. Atypical PRRS is characterized by extremely high fever and high mortality in pigs of all ages. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) derived from arachidonic acid through the activation of the rate-limiting enzyme cyclooxygenase type 1/2 (COX-1/2) plays an important role in fever.

Highly pathogenic porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (HP-PRRSV) induces IL-6 production through TAK-1/JNK/AP-1 and TAK-1/NF-κB signaling pathways.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) mainly infects monocyte/macrophage lineage and regulates the production of cytokines to influence host immune responses. Interleukin-6 (IL-6) is originally identified as a B-cell stimulatory factor and has important functions in regulating immune response, hemopoiesis, and inflammation. In this study, we verified that highly pathogenic PRRSV (HP-PRRSV) infection up-regulated IL-6 production in vivo and in vitro.

Ergosterol peroxide exhibits antiviral and immunomodulatory abilities against porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) via suppression of NF-κB and p38/MAPK signaling pathways in vitro.

Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an emerging swine enteropathogenic coronavirus (CoV) that poses economic and public health burdens. Currently, there are no effective antiviral agents against PDCoV. Cryptoporus volvatus often serves as an antimicrobial agent in Traditional Chinese Medicines.

Aspartic acid at residue 185 modulates the capacity of HP-PRRSV nsp4 to antagonize IFN-I expression.

In a previous study, we have shown that highly-pathogenic PRRSV (HP-PRRSV) nonstructural protein 4 (nsp4) antagonizes type I IFN expression induced by poly(I:C). Here, we demonstrated that the mutation of Aspartic acid 185 (Asp185) impaired the ability of nsp4 to inhibit IFN-I production induced by poly(I:C). Subsequently, we verified that all the mutants at the residue 185, regardless of amino acid size (including Cys and Ser) and charge (including Glu and Lys), impaired nsp4 catalytic activity.

Correction: Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Nonstructural Protein 4 Induces Apoptosis Dependent on Its 3C-Like Serine Protease Activity.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.

Helicase of Type 2 Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Strain HV Reveals a Unique Structure.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is prevalent throughout the world and has caused great economic losses to the swine industry. Nonstructural protein 10 (nsp10) is a superfamily 1 helicase participating in multiple processes of virus replication and one of the three most conserved proteins in nidoviruses. Here we report three high resolution crystal structures of highly pathogenic PRRSV nsp10.

Highly Pathogenic Porcine Reproductive and Respiratory Syndrome Virus Induces Interleukin-17 Production via Activation of the IRAK1-PI3K-p38MAPK-C/EBPβ/CREB Pathways.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is widely prevalent in pigs, resulting in significant economic losses worldwide. A compelling impact of PRRSV infection is severe pneumonia. In the present study, we found that interleukin-17 (IL-17) was upregulated by PRRSV infection.

IL-10 knockdown with siRNA enhances the efficacy of Doxorubicin chemotherapy in EBV-positive tumors by inducing lytic cycle via PI3K/p38 MAPK/NF-kB pathway.

High levels of IL-10 expression in Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) associated tumors have been reported and it is likely to be important for maintaining EBV latency and EBV-associated tumors. The switch from the latent form of EBV to the lytic form in tumor cells can lead to tumor cell lysis. Here, we found that knockdown of IL-10 induced EBV lytic replication.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus induces interleukin-1β through MyD88/ERK/AP-1 and NLRP3 inflammasome in microglia.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) infection which caused severe reproductive failure and respiratory disorders in swine is accompanied with severe nervous symptoms. Our previous studies demonstrated that microglia, the resident innate immune cells in central nervous system (CNS), could support PRRSV infection and replication in vitro. And PRRSV infection led to the increased expressions of large amounts of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines which contributed to neuropathogenesis of PRRSV.

MicroRNA-30c targets the interferon-alpha/beta receptor beta chain to promote type 2 PRRSV infection.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is one of the most important diseases in pigs. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as an important regulator of virus-host cell interactions and miR-30c has been found to facilitate PRRSV replication. Here, we found that the interferon-alpha/beta receptor beta chain (IFNAR2) was down-regulated, while miR-30c was up-regulated during HV (a highly pathogenic type 2 PRRSV strain) and CH-1a (a classic type 2 PRRSV strain) infection.

The Postfusion Structure of the Heartland Virus Gc Glycoprotein Supports Taxonomic Separation of the Bunyaviral Families Phenuiviridae and Hantaviridae.

(HRTV) is an emerging human pathogen that belongs to the newly defined family , order Gn and Gc are two viral surface glycoproteins encoded by the M segment and are required for early events during infection. HRTV delivers its genome into the cytoplasm by fusion of the viral envelope and endosomal membranes under low-pH conditions. Here, we describe the crystal structure of HRTV Gc in its postfusion conformation.

Structures of phlebovirus glycoprotein Gn and identification of a neutralizing antibody epitope.

Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus (SFTSV) and Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV) are two arthropod-borne phleboviruses in the family, which cause severe illness in humans and animals. Glycoprotein N (Gn) is one of the envelope proteins on the virus surface and is a major antigenic component. Despite its importance for virus entry and fusion, the molecular features of the phleboviruse Gn were unknown.

Assessment of the Link between XRCC1 Arg399Gln Polymorphism and Breast Cancer: a Meta-Analysis in a Single Ethnic Group.

Background: Although various individual studies have been conducted to determine the association between X-ray repair cross-complementing group 1 (XRCC1) Arg399Gln polymorphism and breast cancer, the results remain inconclusive. To assess the influence of XRCC1 Arg399Gln polymorphism on the risk of breast cancer, a metaanalysis was performed in a single ethnic group.

Methods: Eligible studies were identified via databases such as PubMed, Springer Link, Ovid, Chinese Wanfang Data Knowledge Service Platform, Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, and Chinese Biology Medicine, throughout February 2016.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) up-regulates IL-8 expression through TAK-1/JNK/AP-1 pathways.

The acute phase of respiratory distress caused by porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) is likely a consequence of the release of inflammatory cytokines in the lung. IL-8, the main chemokine and activator of neutrophils, might be related to the lung injury upon PRRSV infection. In this study, we showed that PRRSV induced IL-8 expression in vivo and in vitro.

New perspective of host microRNAs in the control of PRRSV infection.

Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (PRRS) is one of the most important diseases in pigs, leading to significant economic losses in swine industry worldwide. PRRS virus (PRRSV) is an enveloped positive single-stranded RNA virus, which mainly infects cells of monocyte/macrophage lineage. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs and have emerged as important regulators of virus-host cell interactions.