Enzymatic Synthesis of a Novel Antioxidant Octacosanol Lipoate and Its Antioxidant Potency in Sunflower Oil.

α-Lipoic acid possesses remarkable antioxidant activity; however, its poor lipid solubility greatly restricts its practical utilization. The present study was the first (i) to synthesize a novel lipophilic antioxidant of octacosanol lipoate and (ii) to assess its antioxidant potency in sunflower oil by hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance (H NMR) spectroscopy. In brief, octacosanol lipoate was successfully synthesized using octacosanol and lipoic acid as substrates and .

Novel Synthesis of Phytosterol Ferulate Using Acidic Ionic Liquids as a Catalyst and Its Hypolipidemic Activity.

Phytosterol ferulate (PF) is quantitively low in rice, corn, wheat, oats, barley, and millet, but it is potentially effective in reducing plasma lipids. In this study, PF was synthesized for the first time using acidic ionic liquids as a catalyst. The product was purified, characterized using Fourier transform infrared, mass spectroscopy, and nuclear magnetic resonance, and ultimately confirmed as the desired PF compound.

Structure-directed bioengineering the lid1 of cold-adapted Pseudomonas sp. TB11 esterase to boost catalytic capacity.

Structure-guided bioengineering enzymes has been an efficient strategy to obtain biocatalyst with desirable properties. In this study, the cold-adapted esterase from Pseudomonas sp. (CPE) was optimized through bioinformatic-based structured-guided bioengineering on lid1 region.

Nutritional composition, health-promoting effects, bioavailability, and encapsulation of tree peony seed oil: a review.

Tree peony is cultivated worldwide in large quantities due to its exceptional ornamental and medicinal value. In recent years, the edible value of tree peony seed oil (TPSO) has garnered significant attention for its high content of alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, >40%) and other beneficial minor components, including phytosterols, tocopherols, squalene, and phenolics. This review provides a systematic summary of the nutritional composition and health-promoting effects of TPSO, with a specific focus on its digestion, absorption, bioavailability, and encapsulation status.

Enhancing the Stability and Bioaccessibility of Tree Peony Seed Oil Using Layer-by-Layer Self-Assembling Bilayer Emulsions.

Tree peony seed oil (TPSO) is an important plant source of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (α-linolenic acid, ALA > 40%) that is receiving increasing attention for its excellent antioxidant and other activities. However, it has poor stability and bioavailability. In this study, a bilayer emulsion of TPSO was successfully prepared using a layer-by-layer self-assembly technique.

Improved antioxidant activity of rutin via lipase-mediated esterification with oleic acid.

Background: Oxidation is a major problem for oils and fats, which can be mitigated by antioxidants. Rutin has excellent antioxidant activity, but its poor lipid solubility greatly limits its practical application. In this study, an efficient enzymatic synthesis route of lipophilic rutin ester was established using oleic acid as an acyl donor, and the antioxidant potential of rutin oleate was evaluated for the first time by proton ( H) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.

Enhanced antioxidant capacity of lipoic acid in different food systems through lipase-mediated esterification with phytosterols.

Background: α-Lipoic acid has excellent antioxidant activity, but its poor lipid solubility greatly limits its practical application. This study was undertaken (i) to develop a novel and efficient enzymatic synthesis of lipophilic lipoic acid esters using Candida sp. 99-125 lipase as a catalyst; and (ii) to systematically evaluate their antioxidant potential against bulk oil, oil-in-water emulsion (O/W) and cooked ground meat.

The preparation of phytosteryl succinyl sucrose esters and improvement of their water solubility and emulsifying properties.

Phytosterols have gained much attention due to their outstanding cholesterol-reducing effect, while the insolubility in water limits their application. The aim of this study was to synthesize a novel hydrophilic phytosteryl derivatives-phytosteryl succinyl sucrose esters (PSSEs) and investigated their water solubility and emulsifying properties. PSSEs were synthesized by esterifying phytosterol hemisuccinates with sucrose through a mild chemical reaction.

Cholesterol-lowering activity of protocatechuic acid is mediated by increasing the excretion of bile acids and modulating gut microbiota and producing short-chain fatty acids.

The present study aimed to investigate the effects of protocatechuic acid (PCA) on plasma lipid profiles and associated mechanisms with a focus on reshaping gut microbiota. Twenty-four male hamsters were randomly divided into three groups receiving a high-cholesterol diet (HCD) and two HCD diets containing 0.5% (PL) and 1% (PH) PCA, respectively.

Rutin and Quercetin Decrease Cholesterol in HepG2 Cells but Not Plasma Cholesterol in Hamsters by Oral Administration.

Rutin (R) and quercetin (Q) are two widespread dietary flavonoids. Previous studies regarding the plasma cholesterol-lowering activity of R and Q generated inconsistent results. The present study was therefore carried out to investigate the effects of R and Q on cholesterol metabolism in both HepG2 cells and hypercholesterolemia hamsters.

Ursolic acid alleviates hypercholesterolemia and modulates the gut microbiota in hamsters.

Ursolic acid (UA) is a triterpenoid acid widely abundant in fruits and vegetables such as apple, blueberry and cranberry. The present study was carried out to investigate the effect of UA supplementation in diet on blood cholesterol, intestinal cholesterol absorption and gut microbiota in hypercholesterolemic hamsters. A total of thirty-two hamsters were randomly assigned to four groups and given a non-cholesterol diet (NCD), a high-cholesterol diet containing 0.

Tomato seed oil attenuates hyperlipidemia and modulates gut microbiota in C57BL/6J mice.

In this study we aimed to investigate the role of tomato seed oil (TSO) in the alleviation of hyperlipidemia and the regulation of gut microbiota in C57BL/6J mice. Mice were divided into the following four diet-based groups: low-fat diet (LF, n = 8), high-fat diet (HF, n = 6), HF diet with TSO replacing one-third of lard (TL, n = 8), and HF diet with TSO replacing two-thirds of lard (TH, n = 8). The results showed that TH significantly reduced weight gain, relative adipose tissue weights, plasma cholesterol, triacylglycerol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), ratio of LDL-C to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), hepatic cholesterol, and total fatty acids, and markedly increased plasma HDL-C.

Vinegars but not acetic acid are effective in reducing plasma cholesterol in hamsters fed a high-cholesterol diet.

The present study compares the effect of two types of vinegars, Balsamic vinegar of Modena (BV) and Chinese Shanxi vinegar (SV), with acetic acid on plasma cholesterol using hamsters as a model. Hamsters (n = 40) were divided into five groups (n = 8 each) with two control groups being fed a low-cholesterol diet (LCD) or a high-cholesterol diet containing 0.2% cholesterol (HCD).

Fish Oil Is More Potent than Flaxseed Oil in Modulating Gut Microbiota and Reducing Trimethylamine--oxide-Exacerbated Atherogenesis.

Trimethylamine--oxide (TMAO) is a risk factor for atherosclerosis. We compared the potency of fish oil with flaxseed oil in reducing TMAO-exacerbated atherogenesis. Five groups of ApoE mice were given one of five diets, namely, a low-fat diet, a Western high fat diet (WD), a WD plus 0.

Sea buckthorn seed oil reduces blood cholesterol and modulates gut microbiota.

Sea buckthorn seed oil (SBSO) has been used as a functional food in the prevention of heart diseases. The present study investigates the effects of SBSO on blood cholesterol and the gut microbiota in hypercholesterolemia hamsters. Four groups of hamsters (n = 8 each) were given one of four diets, namely a non-cholesterol control diet (NCD), a high-cholesterol control diet (HCD) containing 0.

Beneficial effects of tea water extracts on the body weight and gut microbiota in C57BL/6J mice fed with a high-fat diet.

Accumulative evidence has suggested that tea consumption has benefits in reducing body fat and alleviating metabolic syndrome. We hypothesize that benefits of tea consumption can be partially mediated by modulating intestinal microbiota via inhibiting the formation of lipopolysaccharides (LPS) and promoting the production of short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). C57BL/6J mice were fed a high fat diet with the addition of 1% water extracts of green tea, oolong tea and black tea.

Soybean germ oil reduces blood cholesterol by inhibiting cholesterol absorption and enhancing bile acid excretion.

Health benefits of soybean germ oil have not yet been fully explored. The present study examined the blood cholesterol-lowering activity of soybean germ oil and the underlying mechanisms in hypercholesterolemic hamsters. Forty hamsters were randomly assigned into five groups and fed a non-cholesterol diet, a high cholesterol diet and one of three high cholesterol diets containing 0.

Candida sp. 99-125 lipase-catalyzed synthesis of ergosterol linolenate and its characterization.

As a major sterol in edible mushroom, ergosterol has gained much attention owing to its potential bioactivities. However, ergosterol has a high melting point, poor oil solubility and stability, which restrict its scope of application. In this study, an ergosterol ester of α-linolenic acid was successfully and efficiently prepared using Candida sp.

Dose-Dependent Increases in Liver Cholesterol but Not Plasma Cholesterol from Consumption of One to Five Whole Eggs and No Effects from Egg Whites on Liver or Plasma Cholesterol in Hamsters.

The dose-dependent effect of egg consumption on plasma cholesterol in humans remains inconclusive. It is unknown if egg white consumed in a normal amount can reduce plasma cholesterol. We used hamsters as a model to (i) investigate the dose-dependent effect of consuming zero to five whole eggs on plasma total cholesterol (TC) and (ii) examine if egg white, equivalent to one to five eggs, possessed any reducing effects on plasma TC.

Highly efficient synthesis of phytosterol linolenate in the presence of Bronsted acidic ionic liquid.

Phytosterols are effective in reducing plasma cholesterol. However, phytosterols in a free form have some disadvantages because they have a high melting point and a poor oil solubility, thereby limiting their practical application in foods. The present study was to establish a green and highly efficient method to synthesize phytosterol linolenate for the first time by employing Bronsted acidic ionic liquid (IL) as a catalyst in order to improve its oil solubility.

Plant Sterols: Chemical and Enzymatic Structural Modifications and Effects on Their Cholesterol-Lowering Activity.

Plant sterols have attracted increasing attention due to their excellent cholesterol-lowering activity. However, free plant sterols have some characteristics of low oil solubility, water insolubility, high melting point, and low bioavailability, which greatly limit their application in foods. Numerous studies have been undertaken to modify their chemical structures to improve their chemical and physical properties in meeting the needs of various applications.

A novel chemo-enzymatic synthesis of hydrophilic phytosterol derivatives.

In this study, a novel method was developed for chemo-enzymatic synthesis of hydrophilic phytosterol derivatives, phytosteryl polyethylene glycol succinate (PPGS), through an intermediate phytosteryl hemisuccinate (PSHS), which was first chemically prepared and subsequently coupled with polyethylene glycol (PEG) through lipase-catalyzed esterification. The chemical structure of intermediate and goal product were finally confirmed to be PSHS and PPGS by FT-IR, MS and NMR, suggesting that hydrophilic phytosterol derivatives were successfully synthesized. The effects of various parameters on the conversion of PSHS to PPGS were investigated and the highest conversion (>78%) was obtained under the selected conditions: 75 mmol/L PSHS, 1:2M ratio of PSHS to PEG, 50 g/L Novozym 435, 120 g/L 3 Å molecular sieves in tert-butanol, 55 °C, 96 h and 200 rpm.

Efficient synthesis and characterization of ergosterol laurate in a solvent-free system.

Ergosterol and its derivatives have attracted much attention for a variety of health benefits, such as anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities. However, ergosterol esters are advantageous because this compound has better solubility than the free ergosterol. In this work, ergosterol laurate was efficiently synthesized for the first time by direct esterification in a solvent-free system.

Role of plant stanol derivatives in the modulation of cholesterol metabolism and liver gene expression in mice.

The present study was to evaluate the cholesterol-lowering effect of two novel plant stanol derivatives and its potential molecular mechanism in hyper-cholesterol mice induced by a high-cholesterol diet. Results showed that oral administration of plant stanyl hemisuccinate (2×, 5×) and plant stanyl sorbitol succinate (2×, 5×) effectively attenuated the serum total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, while had no effect on the serum triacylglycerol and high density lipoprotein cholesterol. And plant stanol derivatives decreased liver cholesterol concentration and increased faecal cholesterol output.

Oxidative decarboxylation of mandelic acid derivative by recombinant Escherichia coli: a novel method of ethyl vanillin synthesis.

The benzoylformate decarboxylase gene (mdlC) from Pseudomonas putida was expressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). The recombinant strain together with E. coli/pET30a-mdlB converted (S)-3-ethoxy-4-hydroxymandelic acid (S-EMA) into ethyl vanillin without ethyl vanillin degradation.