Comprehensive molecular and morphological analysis of and in the tribe Alsineae (Caryophyllaceae).

Over the course of the recent decade, the composition of Alsineae has been drastically changed by means of molecular phylogeny. However, the genus has not been sampled in any of the previous studies, and its phylogenetic position is still pending. In addition, the related species , which has at times been placed in , , or , has also not been sampled.

Why is the beautyberry so colourful? Evolution, biogeography, and diversification of fruit colours in (Lamiaceae).

Fruit colour is essential to seed dispersal, speciation, and biological diversity in global ecosystems. The relationship between fruit-colour variation and species diversification has long been of interest in evolutionary biology, but remains poorly understood at the genus level. Here, we used , a typical representative of pantropical angiosperm, to analyse whether fruit colours are correlated with biogeographic distribution, dispersal events, and diversification rate.

Detection of resistance to fungicides, mating types and fitness of Phytophthora infestans in Hebei, China.

In vitro, isolates resistant to metalaxyl (M) and oxadixyl (O) of Phytophthora infestans were 11.2% of 62 isolates from potato and tomato in Hebei Province, mean resistance factor was 15,022 fold and 24,733 fold, respectively, no isolates resistant either to cymoxanil (C) or to dimethomorph (D) were detected. On the other hand, in vivo, isolates resistant to M and O were 29.

Synergism in mixtures of cymoxanil and mancozeb on Phytophthora infestans in vivo.

The preventive activity of 1:8 mixture of cymoxanil and mancozeb against Phytophthora infestans was higher than that of either the two single ingredients or the other nine mixtures. The synergistic interaction existed (synergy ratio 2.01) between the two at the mixing ratio of 1:8, whereas additive interaction (synergy ratios ranged from 0.