The Kinematic-Muscle Synergies during Infant Crawling: A Pilot Study.

Many feature extraction algorithms have been separately used for kinematic or muscle synergy analysis during human movement. However, very few studies focus on the co-extraction of kinematic and muscle synergies. Therefore, the aim of this study was to propose a novel and efficient approach for extracting the kinematic-muscle synergies during infant crawling.

Beta Changes Induced by Acute Hand Loss Model during NMES.

Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) has been demonstrated to effectively modulate cortical activities by evoking muscle contraction in upper limb and generating joint movements, which showed an excellent performance in motor rehabilitation. However, due to hand loss and cortical function reorganization induced by hand amputation, how neural activities in sensorimotor cortex response to NMES-evoked muscle contraction in the end of an amputation stump is not clear. In this paper, Ischemic nerve block (INB) technique was used to build an acute hand loss model, and 64-channel EEG signals were recorded from 11 healthy subjects to perform a 2×2 factorial design protocol, with the INB state and the current intensity as factors.

Impacts of Motor Developmental Delay on the Inter-Joint Coordination Using Kinematic Synergies of Joint Angles During Infant Crawling.

Motor developmental delay (MDD) usually affects the inter-joint coordination for limb movement. However, the mechanism between the abnormal inter-joint coordination and MDD is still unclear, which poses a challenge for clinical diagnosis and motor rehabilitation of MDD in infant's early life. This study aimed to explore whether the joint activities of limbs during infant crawling are represented with kinematic synergies of joint angles, and evaluate the impacts of MDD on the inter-joint coordination using those synergies.

Study on the Establishment Process of Muscle Synergy Based on Cosine Similarity.

Muscle synergy is an important method for motor intention recognition in rehabilitation exoskeleton control. The use of the non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) to extract muscle synergy patterns often results in long calculation time due to the amount of data, which makes the effectiveness of synergy extraction low. In this paper, synergy matrices of the complete single-cycle signal while stretching and its segmented ones were extracted respectively.

Angular Velocity Profiles of Upper Limb Joint Synergies in Reaching Movements: a pilot study.

The spatiotemporal kinematic synergy, a coupling of multiple degrees of freedom (DoF), runs through human activities of daily living (ADL). And it is an entry point for exploring the central nervous system's (CNS) control process of musculoskeletal system by analyzing the time-varying kinematic synergy. The aim of this study was to find more physiological properties from the angular velocity profiles of synergy.

Multiple Sessions of Entorhinal Cortex Deep Brain Stimulation in C57BL/6J Mice Increases Exploratory Behavior and Hippocampal Neurogenesis.

Deep brain stimulation (DBS) has been a medical intervention for a variety of nervous system diseases and mental diseases. The input of DBS in the entorhinal cortex (EC) regulates the neurophysiological activities in its downstream regions, such as the dentate gyrus (DG) area. EC DBS may play a role in the treatment of diseases through hippocampal neurogenesis.

Measurement and Analysis of Human Infant Crawling for Rehabilitation: A Narrative Review.

When a child shows signs of potential motor developmental disorders, early diagnosis of central nervous system (CNS) impairment is beneficial. Known as the first CNS-controlled mobility for most of infants, mobility during crawling usually has been used in clinical assessments to identify motor development disorders. The current clinical scales of motor development during crawling stage are relatively subjective.

A Modified Higher-Order Singular Value Decomposition Framework With Adaptive Multilinear Tensor Rank Approximation for Three-Dimensional Magnetic Resonance Rician Noise Removal.

The magnetic resonance (MR) images are acknowledged to be inevitably corrupted by Rician distributed noise, which adversely affected the image quality for diagnosis purpose. However, the traditional denoising methods may recover the images from corruptions with severe loss of detailed structure and edge information, which would affect the lesion detections and diagnostic decision making. In this study, we challenged improving the Rician noise removal from three-dimensional (3D) MR volumetric data through a () method.

Cerebral blood microcirculation measurement in APP/PS1 double transgenic mice at the preclinical stage of Alzheimer's disease: preliminary data on the early intervention of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation.

Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (AtDCS) can improve memory and cognitive dysfunction in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), which has been proven in basic and clinical studies. Intervention of AD in preclinical stage is important to prevent progression of AD in the aging society. At the same time, there is increasing evidence that a close link exists between cerebrovascular dysfunction and AD disease.

3D MR image denoising using a modified adaptive high order singular value decomposition method.

Magnetic resonance (MR) images are generally degraded by random noise governed by Rician distributions. In this study, we developed a modified adaptive high order singular value decomposition (HOSVD) method, taking consideration of the nonlocal self-similarity and weighted Schatten p-norm. We extracted 3D cubes from noise images and classified the similar cubes by the Euclidean distance between cubes to construction a fourth-order tensor.

Infrared Laser Pulses Excite Action Potentials in Primary Cortex Neurons In Vitro.

Infrared neural modulation (INM) has been well studied in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) for potential clinical applications. However, limited research has been conducted on the central nervous systems (CNS). In this study, we aimed at investigating the feasibility of using pulsed infrared (IR) laser with a wavelength of 1940 nm to excite network activity of cultivated rat cortex neurons.

Analysis of the Inter-Joints Synergistic Patterns of Limbs in Infant Crawling.

Hands and knees crawling is an important motor developmental milestone, which is characterized by diagonal coordination between upper and lower limbs. However, the features of inter-joint synergy within each limb in infant crawling is still not clear. Therefore, the aim of this study was to extract the inter-joint synergistic patterns during infant crawling and to test the possibilities of using the extracted inter-joint synergy to distinguish developmental delayed (DD) infants from typical developing (TD) infants.

Synergistic recruitment of multi-scale myoelectric oscillations of upper limb during infant crawling.

It has been widely accepted that the central nervous system (CNS) modulates muscle synergies to simplify motion control. However, it is still unclear that if there is a synergistic recruitment strategy to organize oscillation components of surface electromyography (sEMG) signals for limb movement. The sEMG signals were recorded from bilateral biceps brachii (BB) and triceps brachii (TB) muscles during infant crawling.

Inter-Limb Muscle Synergy of Hands-and-Knees Crawling in Typical Developing Infants and Infants with Developmental Delay.

The aim of this study was to quantify and compare the inter-limb muscle coordination during crawling between typically developing infants and infants with developmental delay. Typically developing (TD, $\text{N}=$20) infants and infants with at risk of developmental delay (ARDD, $\textbf{N}=$33) or confirmed developmental delayCDD, N=14) participated in this study. Surface electromyography of eight muscles from arms and legs and the corresponding joint kinematic data were collected while they were crawling on hands and knees at their self-selected velocity.

Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation with Kilohertz Frequency Alternating Current to Enhance Sensorimotor Cortical Excitability.

Enhancement of cortical excitability has been demonstrated to be beneficial for neural recovery of motor dysfunction, such as stroke and spinal cord injury. Neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) has been widely used to evoke limb movements, resulting in the increasing cortical excitability. Due to the advantages of low skin impedance and less discomfort, an alternative NMES of kilohertz frequency alternating current (KFAC) has been proposed, and the effects of current parameters on evoked torque has been studied.

Inter-Limb Muscle Synergies and Kinematic Analysis of Hands-and-Knees Crawling in Typically Developing Infants and Infants With Developmental Delay.

Hands-and-knees-crawling is an important motor developmental milestone and a unique window into the development of central nervous system (CNS). Mobility during crawling is regularly used in clinical assessments to identify delays in motor development. However, possible contribution from CNS impairments to motor development delay is still unknown.

Motor Skill Development Alters Kinematics and Co-Activation Between Flexors and Extensors of Limbs in Human Infant Crawling.

Hands and knees crawling is an important motor developmental milestone but the current clinical measures of motor function during crawling stage are relatively subjective. Objective metrics using kinematics and electromyography (EMG) in infant crawling may provide more stable and accurate measures of such developmental milestone, demonstrating changes in locomotion during age span. The purpose of this paper was to determine whether joint kinematics and the underlying co-activation between flexor and extensor in infant crawling are different for arms and legs across the infant age span.

Auditory responses to short-wavelength infrared neural stimulation of the rat cochlear nucleus.

Pulsed Infrared laser is well-known for its high spatial resolution and contact-free stimulation mode. In order to improve the current auditory brainstem implants (ABI), 980 nm-short-wavelength infrared light was applied to stimulate the cochlear nucleus of rats. Single neural activity from contralateral inferior colliculus was recorded during laser stimulation.

Neural representation of different mandarin tones in the inferior colliculus of the guinea pig.

Mandarin speech has four different tones and the coding mechanism underlying tone identification still remain unclear. Here in the inferior colliculus (IC) of anesthetized guinea pigs, we recorded single neuron activities to one word with four tones using tungsten electrode. Peri-stimulus time histograms (PSTHs) and inter-spike-interval (ISI) were used to evaluate the neural response.

The variability of co-activation pattern of antagonist muscles in human infant crawling.

Infant crawling is part of normal human gross motor development, and a 4-beat gait that involves rhythmical flexion and extension of limbs and the underlying muscle co-activation of antagonist muscle around the joint. However, detection the co-activation pattern of antagonist muscle are sparse due to the general difficulty of measuring locomotion in human infants. In this paper, sEMG of antagonist muscles and the corresponding kinematics data of limbs were collected when infants were crawling on hands and knees at their self-selected speed.

Antagonist muscle co-activation of limbs in human infant crawling: A pilot study.

Muscle Co-activation (MCo) is the simultaneous muscular activation of agonist and antagonist muscle groups, which provides adequate joint stability, movement accuracy during movement. Infant crawling is an important stage of motor function development that manifests non-synchronization growth and development of upper and lower limbs due to the well-known gross motor development principle of head to toe. However, the effect of MCo level for agonist and antagonist muscle groups on motor function development of limbs has not been previously reported.

Optical stimulation of primary motor cortex with 980nm infrared neural stimulation.

To explore the penetration depth with short-wavelength infrared light, 980 nm pulse infrared light was used to stimulate the primary motor cortex of rat. The heating model was created to simulate the temperature distribution for 1875 nm and 980 nm infrared neural stimulation. Post-stimulus time histogram was used to observe the neural response induced by Infrared neural stimulation on primary motor cortex.

Short-wavelength near infrared stimulation of the inner ear hair cells.

To explore whether the short wavelength near infrared laser can stimulate the functional hair cells, pulsed laser with wavelength of 808-nm was used to stimulate guinea pigs cochlea. Compound action potential (CAP) and auditory brainstem responses (ABR) were recorded during the experiments. We successfully recorded photomechanical responses from normal hearing animals and demonstrated the responses were not induced by optical acoustic events.

Pulsed 808-nm infrared laser stimulation of the auditory nerve in guinea pig cochlea.

Pulsed near-infrared radiation has been proposed as an alternative stimulus for auditory nerve stimulation and could be potentially used in the design of cochlear implant. Although the infrared with high absorption coefficient of water (i.e.

Irradiation of 850-nm laser light changes the neural activities in rat primary visual cortex.

Although infrared laser was proven to be an alternative approach for neural stimulation, there is very little known about the neural response to infrared laser irradiation in visual cortex. This study is to investigate the effect of near-infrared laser irradiation on neural activities at the cortex level. A 850-nm pigtailed diode laser was applied to stimulate the rat primary visual cortex while the horizontal black and white stripe pattern was used as standard visual stimulation to evoke visual-evoked potential (VEP).