Diagnosing intake and rationalizing toxicities associated with 5F-MDMB-PINACA and 4F-MDMB-BINACA abuse.

5F-MDMB-PINACA and 4F-MDMB-BINACA are synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) that elicit cannabinoid psychoactive effects. Defining pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) relationships governing SCs and their metabolites are paramount to investigating their in vivo toxicological outcomes. However, the disposition kinetics and cannabinoid receptor (CB) activities of the primary metabolites of SCs are largely unknown.

Glucose endothelial cytotoxicity and protection by Dan Gua-Fang, a Chinese herb prescription in huVEC in hyperglycemia medium.

Background: Low success rate of blood glucose in diabetes is an international problem. The endothelia cytotoxicity of hyperglycemia has been widely accepted. However, it has not been seen in reports of the value of concentration of high glucose beginning to produce cytotoxicity and the relationship between hyperglycemia and cytotoxicity as well as how to effectively prevent and control hyperglycemia cytotoxicity.