Prevalence Rate and Risk Factors of Sexual Assault Among University Students in the Netherlands.

This research documents the prevalence rate and demographic risk factors for sexual assault among undergraduate and graduate students enrolled at a Dutch university. The present study used a sample of   2,887 students who filled in responses to a campus climate survey about students' experiences with sexual assault and diverse demographic variables. Results showed that approximately one in four students (25.

How dentists and oral and maxillofacial surgeons deal with tooth extraction without a valid clinical indication.

Objectives: This study pertains to a secondary data analysis aimed at determining differences between oral and maxillofacial surgeons (OMFSs) and dentists handling dental extractions without an evident clinical indication.

Study Design: A survey of 18 questions was conducted among 256 OMFSs in the Netherlands and a random sample of 800 dentists Respondents could answer the questions in writing or online. The data was collected in the period from November 2019 to January 2020, during which two reminders were sent.

Financial, psychological, or cultural reasons for extracting healthy or restorable teeth.

Background: The purpose of this study was to determine how often dental patients request extraction for nondental reasons and how dentists handle such requests.

Methods: The authors conducted a survey among 800 Dutch dentists from November 17, 2019, through January 5, 2020. The questionnaire contained 17 items, including a hypothetical case vingette.

The impact of twenty-first century personalized medicine versus twenty-first century medicine's impact on personalization.

Background: Over the past decade, the exponential growth of the literature devoted to personalized medicine has been paralleled by an ever louder chorus of epistemic and ethical criticisms. Their differences notwithstanding, both advocates and critics share an outdated philosophical understanding of the concept of personhood and hence tend to assume too simplistic an understanding of personalization in health care.

Methods: In this article, we question this philosophical understanding of personhood and personalization, as these concepts shape the field of personalized medicine.

Patient autonomy as a necessary but limited ethical principle in shaping the dentist-patient relationship.

Today, the ethical and legal organization of the therapeutic relationship is determined in large extent by the principle of respect for patient autonomy or self-determination. From it, the patient derives important legally enforceable rights, most notably the right to consent to (or refuse) any proposed dental treatment. And yet, historically and indeed by its very nature, this principle is actually foreign to the health care context.

The ethics of forgoing life-sustaining treatment: theoretical considerations and clinical decision making.

Withholding or withdrawing a life-sustaining treatment tends to be very challenging for health care providers, patients, and their family members alike. When a patient's life seems to be nearing its end, it is generally felt that the morally best approach is to try a new intervention, continue all treatments, attempt an experimental course of action, in short, do something. In contrast to this common practice, the authors argue that in most instances, the morally safer route is actually to forgo life-sustaining treatments, particularly when their likelihood to effectuate a truly beneficial outcome has become small relative to the odds of harming the patient.

Palliative sedation versus euthanasia: an ethical assessment.

The aim of this article was to review the ethical debate concerning palliative sedation. Although recent guidelines articulate the differences between palliative sedation and euthanasia, the ethical controversies remain. The dominant view is that euthanasia and palliative sedation are morally distinct practices.

Patients' priorities in assessing organisational aspects of a general dental practice.

Objectives: To explore which organisational aspects are considered most important by patients when assessing a general dental practice, and which patients' characteristics influence their views on these aspects by a paper questionnaire.

Participants: The questionnaire was handed out to a sample of 5,000 patients in the Netherlands.

Results: The response rate was 63%.

Organisational aspects of dental practices: do dental students think like patients or like general dental practitioners?

Introduction: In view of transparency in health care, the widespread desire for more patient-centred care, and in an attempt to facilitate educational programmes that effectively respond to these changes, two research questions are formulated: (i) How do dental students rate the importance of various organisational aspects of dental practices compared with dental patients and general dental practitioners (GDPs), and what prescripts, defined as specific operational responsibilities of GDPs in these matters, do dental students propose? and (ii) In doing so, do students resemble patients or GDPs?

Methods: In two survey studies, dental students (n = 198), patients (n = 3127) and GDPs (n = 303) were asked to rate by questionnaire the importance of 41 organisational aspects of a general dental practice and proposed specific operational responsibilities ('prescripts').

Results: Seven of 41 aspects were rated as important by the majority of the students. Although in a different rank order, three aspects were predominantly selected by all three groups: continuing education, accessibility by telephone and Dutch-speaking GDP.

The challenges of oral-based diagnostics in extending the role of dentistry as a health care profession: property rights, privacy, and informed consent.

Saliva may be a legal and ethical counterpart of other bodily fluids in diagnostic testing to blood and urine, with regard to its role in diagnostic testing. Two paradigms that have been proposed in the literature to address these challenges are reviewed in this paper. The first is centered on ownership and property rights to saliva, including financial compensation from commercially developed products using saliva.

Current status of nitrous oxide as a behavior management practice routine in pediatric dentistry.

Nitrous oxide (N(2)O) as a behavioral management intervention in children has attained an excellent safety record and is, therefore, used widely. As is true of any diagnostic or therapeutic dental intervention, however, its usage merits periodic review, even if-or particularly when-it is routinely applied. For example, when N(2)O is used in combination with other sedatives, such polypharmacy can produce potentially serious side effects.

Social contract theory as a foundation of the social responsibilities of health professionals.

This paper seeks to define and delimit the scope of the social responsibilities of health professionals in reference to the concept of a social contract. While drawing on both historical data and current empirical information, this paper will primarily proceed analytically and examine the theoretical feasibility of deriving social responsibilities from the phenomenon of professionalism via the concept of a social contract.

Professional ethics and cynicism amongst Dutch dental students.

Background: Some 40 years ago, Morris and Sherlock concluded that dental students are very cynical about their future profession, and indeed become more cynical as they progress through dental school. Later studies continued to report cynicism among dental students, but some studies did not confirm the reported increase. However, any degree of cynicism among matriculating students and even more so among graduating students should be of grave concern to dental educators.

The chasm between knowing and choosing the ethical course of action. A survey of dental students in the Netherlands.

The dental profession is gradually becoming more aware of the importance of practitioner competence in dental ethics and law. Indicative of that awareness is the explicit attention paid by ever more dental school curricula to these disciplines through courses and other dedicated learning activities. Concurrently there is also increasing professional concern about reports of illegal and unethical behaviour by dental students and practitioners.

Ethical considerations in the use of nitrous oxide in pediatric dentistry.

Nitrous oxide (N2O) has become a routine intervention in contemporary American dental practice, especially in the management of children. However, routines translate to confidence which in turn may lead to overconfidence, such that possible risks and misuses are insufficiently acknowledged. This article ethically evaluates the use of nitrous oxide as a practice routine in treating children.

Deciding about patients' requests for extraction: ethical and legal guidelines.

Background: and Overview. Dentists frequently are faced with patients' requests for an extraction, sometimes of the entire dentition. In this article, the authors offer guidelines to help dentists and oral surgeons make decisions regarding such requests for extraction.

The dilemma of access to care: symptom of a systemic condition.

The standard ethical arguments that prescribe dentistry's involvement in improving access to oral health care are based on the ethical principle of social justice. The authors underwrite this principle but argue that, as with other ethical principles, this principle alone will fail to have a practical impact. The authors show that the issue of access is a symptom of a more systemic problem in dentistry, namely the lack of connectedness that dentists feel between themselves and their profession, their community, and society at large.

Preventing dentists' involvement in torture: the developmental history of a new international declaration.

Background: For more than half a century, the risk of physicians participating in torture has received thoughtful attention in the field of medicine, and a number of international organizations have issued declarations decrying such involvement. Despite publications that provide evidence of dentists' having participated in torture as well, until recently the dental profession was quiescent on the subject.

Methods: The authors describe the historical background for a new declaration against dentists' participation in torture developed by the International Dental Ethics and Law Society and the Fédération Dentaire Internationale (FDI) World Dental Federation.

Dentists in double trouble: the (un)fairness of punishing for the same mistake twice.

Background: and Overview. Many state dental practice acts allow for the suspension or revocation of a dentist's license on the basis of a previous conviction for illegal behavior, even if the behavior is not related to the practice of dentistry. Penalizing a dentist twice for the same behavior appears to violate the legal principle "ne bis in idem"-that is, no double penalty for the same socially undesirable behavior.

Is dentistry a profession? Part 3. Future challenges.

In 2 earlier articles a definition of professionalism was developed, and several specific professional responsibilities were deduced. This third and final article in the series examines whether dentistry qualifies as a profession. On various levels, the professionalism of dentistry is found wanting.

Is dentistry a profession? Part 2. The hallmarks of professionalism.

In this second in a series of 3 articles, the author builds on the definition of professionalism developed in the first article, arguing that the social contract between the profession and the public entails a collective responsibility of the members of the profession to serve the public good. Several specific professional duties are deduced, such as the duties to attain and maintain competence, to review one's peers, and to serve all in need of expert care. The third and final article will examine whether and to what extent dentistry fulfills these responsibilities and outlines some future challenges.

Is dentistry a profession? Part 1. Professionalism defined.

Individual dentists and organized dentistry alike invariably claim to be (members of) a profession. This label is cherished because it suggests special social, moral and political status. However, almost every self-respecting occupation nowadays claims to be a profession.