The periaxonal space as a conduit for cerebrospinal fluid flow to peripheral organs.

Mechanisms controlling the movement of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) toward peripheral nerves are poorly characterized. We found that, in addition to the foramina Magendie and Luschka for CSF flow toward the subarachnoid space and glymphatic system, CSF outflow could also occur along periaxonal spaces (termed "PAS pathway") from the spinal cord to peripheral organs, such as the liver and pancreas. When interrogating the latter route, we found that serotonin, acting through 5-HT receptors expressed in ependymocytes that line the central canal, triggered Ca signals to induce polymerization of F-actin, a cytoskeletal protein, to reduce the volume of ependymal cells.

The electronic and magnetic properties modulated by ferroelectric polarization switching in two-dimensional VSeTe/ScCO van der Waals heterostructures.

Exploring multiferroic materials that combine magnetic and ferroelectric properties is scientifically interesting and has important technical implications for many functions of nanoscale devices. In this work, spintronics and magnetoelectric coupling devices are proposed in two-dimensional (2D) layered ferromagnetic (FM)/ferroelectric (FE) van de Waals (vdW) heterostructures, VSeTe/ScCO, employing density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The results indicate that the VSeTe/ScCO vdW heterostructure changes from a metal to a semiconductor in ScCO-↑ and ScCO-↓ polarization states.

Major depressive disorder: hypothesis, mechanism, prevention and treatment.

Worldwide, the incidence of major depressive disorder (MDD) is increasing annually, resulting in greater economic and social burdens. Moreover, the pathological mechanisms of MDD and the mechanisms underlying the effects of pharmacological treatments for MDD are complex and unclear, and additional diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for MDD still are needed. The currently widely accepted theories of MDD pathogenesis include the neurotransmitter and receptor hypothesis, hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis hypothesis, cytokine hypothesis, neuroplasticity hypothesis and systemic influence hypothesis, but these hypothesis cannot completely explain the pathological mechanism of MDD.

Trace metals and astrocytes physiology and pathophysiology.

Several trace metals, including iron, copper, manganese and zinc are essential for normal function of the nervous system. Both deficiency and excessive accumulation of these metals trigger neuropathological developments. The central nervous system (CNS) is in possession of dedicated homeostatic system that removes, accumulates, stores and releases these metals to fulfil nervous tissue demand.

Janus MoAZH (A = Ge, Si; Z = N, P, As) monolayers: a new class of semiconductors exhibiting excellent photovoltaic and catalytic performances.

Due to the asymmetrical structure in the vertical direction, Janus two-dimensional (2D) monolayer (ML) materials possess some unique physical properties, holding great promise for nanoscale devices. In this paper, based on the newly discovered MoAZ (A = Si, Ge; Z = N, P, As) ML, we propose a class of 2D Janus MoAZH ML materials with good stability and excellent mechanical properties using first-principles calculations. We demonstrate that the novel Janus MoAZH ML materials are all semiconductors with bandgaps ranging from 0.

A new strategy for browning regulation: Flos Sophorae Immaturus extract and thermal treatment modulates nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species network in fresh-cut potatoes.

Browning discoloration is a critical issue that negatively affects the quality of fresh-cut products and their industrial growth. Although many individual anti-browning technologies have been adopted, very few reports on the combination use of natural product extracts and physical methods exist. This study investigated the use of Flos Sophorae Immaturus extract in conjunction with thermal treatment and discovered that the combination effectively retarded browning in fresh-cut potatoes.

Substitutional doping of MoTe/ZrS heterostructures for sustainable energy related applications.

Stacking and/or substitutional doping are effective strategies to tune two-dimensional materials with desired properties, greatly extending the applications of the pristine materials. Here, by employing first-principles calculations, we propose that a pristine MoTe/ZrS heterostructure is a distinguished lithium-ion battery anode material with a low Li diffusion barrier (∼0.26 eV), and it has a high maximum Li storage capacity (476.

Comparison of mini-open, anteroinferior psoas approach and mini-open, direct lateral transpsoas approach for lumbar burst fractures: A retrospective cohort study.

Objective: We evaluated the effect of a novel modified OLIF technique (anteroinferior psoas approach, AIPA) for anterior decompression reconstruction in lumbar burst fractures, and compared the clinical, radiological outcomes and approach-related complications with the mini-open, lateral transpsoas approach (LTPA).

Methods: From March 2016 to November 2019, 68 patients with lumbar burst fractures underwent one-stage monosegmental posterior/anterior surgery from L1-L4 segments. 35 patients included in AIPA and 33 patients in LTPA group underwent anterior decompression reconstruction.

[Percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy in the treatment of adjacent segment lumbar disc herniation after lumbar fusion].

Objective: To explore the clinical effect of percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy in the treatment of adjacent segment lumbar disc herniation after lumbar fusion.

Methods: From February 2010 to June 2018, 64 patients with adjacent segment lumbar disc herniation after lumbar fusion were retrospectively analyzed and divided into observation group and control group. In observation group, there were 23 males and 10 females performed with percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy, including 27 cases of single segment fusion and 6 cases of double segment fusion, aged from 55 to 83 years old with an average of (65.

Comparison of Intravertebral Clefts between Kümmell Disease and Acute Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fracture: A Radiological Study.

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the radiological features of intravertebral clefts (IVC) between Kümmell disease (KD) and acute osteoporotic vertebral compression fracture (OVCF).

Materials And Methods: This is a retrospective study. A total of 79 patients with IVC from January 2014 to December 2018 were included in this study.

Brain Dynamics Altered by Photic Stimulation in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment.

Individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are at high risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD). Repetitive photic stimulation (PS) is commonly used in routine electroencephalogram (EEG) examinations for rapid assessment of perceptual functioning. This study aimed to evaluate neural oscillatory responses and nonlinear brain dynamics under the effects of PS in patients with mild AD, moderate AD, severe AD, and MCI, as well as healthy elderly controls (HC).

Effect of TIMP2/TIMP3 genes on the risk of osteosarcoma in Zhejiang population.

Osteosarcoma is a malignant tumor that develops from a mesenchymal cell line and is caused by gene-environment interactions. This study aimed to explore whether TIMP2/TIMP3 polymorphisms influenced the osteosarcoma risk.The expression of the TIMP2 and TIMP3 genes in osteosarcoma histiocytes was analyzed by immunohistochemistry.

Short-term outcomes of percutaneous pedicle screw fixation combined with vertebroplasty: A minimally invasive treatment for Kümmell's disease with intravertebral instability.

Objective: The aim of this study was to present early clinical and radiological outcomes of percutaneous pedicle screw fixation (PPSF) combined with vertebroplasty (VP) in the treatment of Kümmell's disease with intravertebral instability.

Methods: In this study, 21 consecutive patients (4 male and 17 female; mean age = 75.6 years; age range=65-86 years) who suffered from stage II and III Kümmell's disease with intravertebral instability were prospectively recruited from 2012 to 2016 and treated with PPSF combined with VP.

Nomogram for predicting the overall survival and cancer-specific survival of patients with extremity liposarcoma: a population-based study.

Background: Extremity liposarcoma represents 25% of extremity soft tissue sarcoma and has a better prognosis than liposarcoma occurring in other anatomic sites. The purpose of this study was to develop two nomograms for predicting the overall survival (OS) and cancer-specific survival (CSS) of patients with extremity liposarcoma.

Methods: A total of 2170 patients diagnosed with primary extremity liposarcoma between 2004 and 2015 were extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database.

Enhanced carrier mobility and tunable electronic properties in α-tellurene monolayer via an α-tellurene and h-BN heterostructure.

Using first-principles calculations within density functional theory, we explore the electronic properties of the α-tellurene/h-BN (Te/BN) heterostructure. We find that the type-I van der Waals (vdW) Te/BN bilayer exhibits an indirect semiconductor property with a bandgap of 0.59 eV, in which both the valence band maximum and conduction band minimum originate from the tellurene monolayer.

Progress in treating inherited retinal diseases: Early subretinal gene therapy clinical trials and candidates for future initiatives.

Due to improved phenotyping and genetic characterization, the field of 'incurable' and 'blinding' inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) has moved substantially forward. Decades of ascertainment of IRD patient data from Philadelphia and Toronto centers illustrate the progress from Mendelian genetic types to molecular diagnoses. Molecular genetics have been used not only to clarify diagnoses and to direct counseling but also to enable the first clinical trials of gene-based treatment in these diseases.

Successful medical drainage and surgical treatment for vertebral osteomyelitis and bilateral psoas abscess with gas formation caused by klebsiella pneumoniae in a diabetic patient.

Objective: We describe the case of a diabetic patient who developed vertebral osteomyelitis and bilateral psoas abscess with gas formation due to klebsiella pneumoniae.

Methods: A 64-year-old woman with a 4-year history of type-2 diabetes mellitus was admitted to the Emergency Department. The subject had a 2-day history of high-grade fever associated with chills and a 5-hour history of consciousness.

Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) inhibitor 4-IPP suppresses osteoclast formation and promotes osteoblast differentiation through the inhibition of the NF-κB signaling pathway.

Current pharmacological intervention for the treatment of osteolytic bone diseases such as osteoporosis focuses on the prevention of excessive osteoclastic bone resorption but does not enhance osteoblast-mediated bone formation. In our study, we have shown that 4-iodo-6-phenylpyrimidine (4-IPP), an irreversible inhibitor of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), can inhibit receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclastogenesis and potentiate osteoblast-mediated mineralization and bone nodule formation . Mechanistically, 4-IPP inhibited RANKL-induced p65 phosphorylation and nuclear translocation by preventing the interaction of MIF with thioredoxin-interacting protein-p65 complexes.

Tunable defect modes of one-dimensional photonic crystals containing a Dirac semimetal-based metamaterial defect layer.

The transmission properties of one-dimensional photonic crystals (PCs) containing a metamaterial (MM) defect layer are investigated using the transfer matrix method. The MM is composed of alternating layers of a dielectric material and a Dirac semimetal (DS) material. Numerical results show that the defective PCs possess a tunable defect mode, which is significantly dependent on the Fermi level of the DS as well as the structural parameters of the MM defect layer.

Strain Tunable Bandgap and High Carrier Mobility in SiAs and SiAs Monolayers from First-Principles Studies.

Searching for new stable free-standing atomically thin two-dimensional (2D) materials is of great interest in the fundamental and practical aspects of contemporary material sciences. Recently, the synthesis of layered SiAs single crystals has been realized, which indicates that their few layer structure can be mechanically exfoliated. Performing a first-principles density functional theory calculations, we proposed two dynamically and thermodynamically stable semiconducting SiAs and SiAs monolayers.

Stable GaSe-Like Phosphorus Carbide Monolayer with Tunable Electronic and Optical Properties from Ab Initio Calculations.

On the basis of density functional theory (DFT) calculations, we propose a stable two-dimensional (2D) monolayer phosphorus carbide (PC) with a GaSe-like structure, which has intriguing electronic and optical properties. Our calculated results show that this 2D monolayer structure is more stable than the other allotropes predicted by Tománek et al. [].

Strain-Tunable Electronic Properties and Band Alignments in GaTe/CN Heterostructure: a First-Principles Calculation.

Recently, GaTe and CN monolayers have been successfully synthesized and show fascinating electronic and optical properties. Such hybrid of GaTe with CN may induce new novel physical properties. In this work, we perform ab initio simulations on the structural, electronic, and optical properties of the GaTe/CN van der Waals (vdW) heterostructure.

Cement Distribution Patterns Are Associated with Recompression in Cemented Vertebrae After Percutaneous Vertebroplasty: A Retrospective Study.

Objective: To reevaluate the cement distribution patterns and further investigate associations between cement distribution patterns and the occurrence rates of recompression in cemented vertebrae after percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) for osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures.

Methods: Two hundred twenty-four patients with a mean age of 71.9 years were enrolled and treated with single-level PVP between June 2012 and July 2015.

Anterior reconstruction versus posterior osteotomy in treating Kümmell's disease with neurological deficits: A systematic review.

Objective: This study aimed to conduct a systematic review of literature comparing the clinical effectiveness and safety between anterior reconstruction (AR) and posterior osteotomy (PO) in the treatment of Kümmell's disease with neurological deficits.

Methods: We systematically reviewed the literature in PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, and the Web of Science for "spin*," "surg*," "Kümmell's disease," "Kummell's disease," "Kummell disease," "vertebral osteonecrosis," "vertebral pseudarthrosis," "intravertebral vacuum cleft," "delayed vertebral collapse," and "compression fracture nonunion". Quality was assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation method.