Apple-arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis confers resistance to Fusarium solani by inducing defense response and elevating nitrogen absorption.

Fusarium solani exerts detrimental effects on plant growth, which is one of the reasons for the incidence of apple replant disease. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) enhance plant resistance to Fusarium wilt; however, the mechanism remains poorly understood. Therefore, the present study investigated the symbiosis between apple and AMF and explored the physiology, especially nitrate metabolism, antioxidant defense, and photosynthetic performance, when infected by F.

L. Alleviates Apple Replant Disease by Suppressing .

has often been isolated from replanted apple roots, suggesting that it is associated with apple replant disease. The mechanism underlying the ability of the mixed cropping of apple trees with L. to alleviate apple replant disease remains unclear.

Involvement of MdWRKY40 in the defense of mycorrhizal apple against fusarium solani.

Background: Apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) is an important economic crop. The pathological effects of Fusarium solani, a species complex of soilborne pathogens, on the root systems of apple plants was unknown.

[Study of tooth movement under different loading force system by FEM].

Objectives: To investigate different type of tooth movement under different force systems by simulating clinical loading force systems.

Methods: Develop a three-dimensional finite element model of upper central incisor, which consists of 945 isoparametric elements, 1245 nodes. Analyse the types of tooth movement under different force system with a horizontal force of 1 N being applied at the upper central incisor.