Artificial intelligence, machine learning and the pediatric airway.

Artificial intelligence and machine learning are rapidly expanding fields with increasing relevance in anesthesia and, in particular, airway management. The ability of artificial intelligence and machine learning algorithms to recognize patterns from large volumes of complex data makes them attractive for use in pediatric anesthesia airway management. The purpose of this review is to introduce artificial intelligence, machine learning, and deep learning to the pediatric anesthesiologist.

Development and impact of prescription opioid abuse deterrent formulation technologies.

Background: Millions of patients are treated with opioid analgesics (OpAs) to relieve pain. Unfortunately, these medications are subject to abuse and/or unintended misuse. Abuse deterrent formulations (ADFs) represent an intervention strategy to decrease abuse/misuse without affecting patient access.

An iterative model for in vitro laboratory assessment of tamper deterrent formulations.

Background: In an effort to address the continuing problem of prescription opioid abuse, manufacturers are incorporating new technologies into formulations that are designed to deter product tampering and misuse. Standards for laboratory assessment of tamper deterrent properties of new formulations have not previously been developed.

Methods: Experimental designs were developed for the in vitro laboratory assessment of the tamper deterrent properties of reformulated oxycodone.

Binding of a monoclonal antibody to sporozoites of Sarcocystis singaporensis enhances escape from the parasitophorous vacuole, which is necessary for intracellular development.

Early intracellular development in vitro of the cyst-forming protozoon Sarcocystis singaporensis and the influence of a monoclonal antibody on invasion, intracellular localization, and development of sporozoites were studied. As revealed by immunofluorescence using parasite-specific antibodies which labeled the parasitophorous vacuole membrane (PVM) and by ultrastructural analysis, sporozoites invaded pneumonocytes of the rat via formation of a parasitophorous vacuole (PV). About half of the sporozoites left this compartment within the first 8 h postinfection to enter the host cell cytosol.

In vitro cultivation of the vascular phase of Sarcocystis singaporensis.

To establish an in vitro culture system for the precystic phase of Sarcocystis singaporensis, we initially tested various excysting fluids for sporocysts. An excysting fluid containing 2.5% bovine taurocholate and 10% bile of the specific intermediate host, Rattus norvegicus, in RPMI medium was the most suitable resulting in excystation of 80% of the sporozoites.

A highly sensitive assay for the simultaneous determination of morphine, morphine-3-glucuronide, and morphine-6-glucuronide in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical and fluorescence detection.

A novel, highly sensitive and specific bioanalytical method has been developed for the simultaneous determination of morphine and its major metabolites, morphine-3-glucuronide and morphine-6-glucuronide, in human plasma, using noroxymorphone as the internal standard. The analytes are isolated from human plasma using a nonpolar/polar C2 solid-phase extraction cartridge and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography with serial detection using electrochemical detection for morphine, morphine-6-glucuronide (M6G), and noroxymorphone and fluorescence detection for morphine-3-glucuronide (M3G). The limit of quantitation (sensitivity) using a 0.

Determination of codeine in human plasma by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection.

A rapid, reliable and rugged assay for determining codeine in human plasma using reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection was developed. This analytical method utilized an ion-exchange/mixed-mode solid-phase extraction procedure. The chromatographic separation was achieved using a 150 x 4.

CT of parapelvic cystic renal cell carcinoma.

Parapelvic renal cysts are benign ubiquitous lesions of the renal sinus frequently demonstrated on CT and ultrasonography. Occasionally a renal parenchymal mass will grow so that its epicenter is within the renal sinus. We report two cases of surgically proven cystic renal cell carcinoma centered in the renal sinus with no apparent connection to the renal parenchyma.

Tubular ectasia within the mediastinum testis.

Eleven scrotal sonographic examinations showing a spectrum of findings within the mediastinum testis were collected over a 2 year period. Each case showed numerous small tubular or rounded anechoic structures within the mediastinum testis; often, the findings mimicked a hypoechoic mass. Findings were bilateral in eight of ten patients; one additional patient had only one testis because of orchiectomy.

Inhibition of vascular permeability changes in rats by captopril.

Systemic treatment of rats with captopril (50 mg/kg body wt per os), a specific competitive inhibitor of angiotensin l-converting enzyme, significantly inhibits vascular permeability changes induced by the intradermal injection of the vasoactive mediators histamine, bradykinin, serotonin, and compound 48/80. This effect of captopril is both dose- and time-dependent with approximately 60% inhibition of edema formation observed 7 h after captopril treatment (100 mg/kg body wt per os). The inhibitory effect of captopril on edema formation is temporally unrelated to the inhibition of serum angiotensin l-converting enzyme activity or serum prostaglandin E2 levels and is not inhibited by systemic treatment of rats with indomethacin.