The effects of different analgesic methods on chronic pain in patients undergoing video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery.

Introduction: Thoracic epidural block, paravertebral block, and intercostal nerve block have been confirmed to alleviate acute pain after video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS). In contrast, little is known about the effects of these methods on chronic post-surgical pain (CPSP).

Aim: To investigate the effects of epidural block, paravertebral block, and intercostal nerve block on postoperative chronic pain in patients undergoing VATS.

Efficacy of Intrathoracic Intercostal Nerve Block on Postoperative Acute and Chronic Pains of Patients Undergoing Video-Assisted Thoracoscopic Surgery.

Background: Patients undergoing video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery (VATS) frequently suffered postoperative acute and chronic pains. In recent years, intrathoracic intercostal nerve block (INB) is regularly used thanks to its safety and accuracy, especially under the circumstance of lacking ultrasound or in face of the contraindications of the thoracic paravertebral block (TPVB). However, clinical evidence of comparing TPVB and INB for pain management after VATS has been limited and the observation of the chronic pain has been less than clear.

A comparative study of toxicity of graphdiyne and graphene oxide to human umbilical vein endothelial cells.

The success of graphene oxide (GO) has attracted extensive research interests in developing novel 2D nanomaterials (NMs). Graphdiyne (GDY) is a new member of carbon-based 2D NMs possessing sp- and sp -hybridized carbon atoms. However, the toxicity of GDY is less investigated as GO.