The prevalence of A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis and P. intermedia in selected subjects with periodontitis.

The present study was carried out in a private periodontal practice. 8 clinical criteria were chosen to select patients for microbiological examination. These criteria characterize prominent features of disease which at the start, during, or in the maintenance phase of treatment suggest difficulties in the progress of the periodontal therapy.

Intra-/inter-examiner reproducibility study of gingival bleeding.

Sulcular bleeding after stimulation with a periodontal probe has been associated with the presence of an inflammatory lesion in the gingiva. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the placement of the probe in relation to the tooth surface, and the effect of standardising the probing pressure on the intra- and inter-examiner reproducibility of the gingival bleeding when using a well-defined bleeding index. Four different variations were defined: parallel bleeding index (ParBI): when the probe is run along the marginal gingiva it is held parallel to the tooth surface.

[Efficient preventive dentistry. Concluding article].

In this concluding article by the Dutch Advisory Council on Prevention of Oral Diseases, the relative importance of various aspects of prevention is sorted out. A guideline is presented to dentists, dental hygienists and oral health educators, regarding the contents of an efficient and comprehensive package of basic preventive measures. Subsequently, supplementary measures of prevention are discussed, which should be considered for certain age categories and high-risk groups.

[Chemical plaque inhibitors. Their use in mouthwashes and toothpastes].

Despite the fact that many mouthrinses are available and much research is being devoted to better and new mouthwashes, as yet there is no form of chemical plaque control that can totally replace mechanical plaque removal. However, at this moment there is a promising compound. Triclosan, in combination with a copolymer, has already been added to a toothpaste and mouthrinse.

[The electric toothbrush. Present situation].

During the last decade several electric toothbrushes have been introduced with an innovative brushing technique. Scientific research indicates that after proper oral hygiene instruction these toothbrushes can be more effective than a manual toothbrush. This increased efficacy is mainly caused by an improved plaque removal from the proximal surfaces.

[Oral hygiene: effective and safe].

Daily oral hygiene is a matter-of-course. However, many people disregard the difficulties of effective cleansing of the dentition and need to be made aware of the problems; in everyday practice, more attention must be given to detailed individual instruction and recall. A systematic order of cleansing, the use of the proper instruments in the proper way and particularly the avoidance of traumatic forces are important to prevent damaging side effects, such as gingival recession, abrasion and erosion.

Effect of pre-experimental maintenance care duration on the development of gingivitis in a partial mouth experimental gingivitis model.

The present study was designed to evaluate if different periods of supervised oral hygiene prior to the experimental gingivitis trial have an effect on the amount of inflammation which develops in the 'toothshield' model. Two groups were compared. One group (Group A) was supervised over a 5-month period before experimental gingivitis.

Relationship between salivary blood group antigens, microbial flora and periodontal condition in young adults.

To investigate a possible rôle for salivary blood-group antigens in the relative frequencies of selected periodontal pathogens and commensal oral micro-organisms, we studied the clinical and microbiological condition in young adults with or without blood group reactive substances in saliva (secretors or non-secretors respectively). Clinical measurements were recorded at the Ramfjord teeth in 81 1st-year dental students. In addition, presence of interproximal loss of attachment (LA) was assessed at sites with a pocket depth of > or = 4 mm.

The long-term effect of an oscillating/rotating electric toothbrush on gingivitis. An 8-month clinical study.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of the Braun Plak Control for the removal of supragingival plaque and improving gingival health in a long-term clinical trial, and to compare it to regular manual toothbrush. Assessed were plaque accumulation, amount of gingival inflammation, gingival bleeding on probing, and calculus. In total, 77 young individuals were selected on the basis of having 'moderate gingivitis'.

15-Hydroxy-prostaglandin dehydrogenase activity in uterine tissues of late gestational and parturient cows.

15-Hydroxy-prostaglandin dehydrogenase activity (PGDH) was measured in endometrium, allanto-chorion, allanto-amnion and the placenta from six cows during late gestation and six parturient cows during caesarean section. Under saturated substrate conditions PGDH activity was lower than 138 pmol g wet tissue-1 min-1 in all uterine tissues in both groups. Human placental reference samples showed a PGDH activity of 16,800 +/- 1200 pmol per g wet weight min-1 (n = 4).

The effect of sibling relationship on the periodontal condition.

The purpose of this investigation was to study clinically as well as microbiologically the effect of sibling relationship on the periodontal condition in a young population with a relatively high prevalence of periodontal disease and deprived from regular dental care. In this study, 23 family units consisting of 3 more siblings were evaluated. In all, 78 subjects aged 15 to 25 years were included in the study.

A comparative study of electric toothbrushes for the effectiveness of plaque removal in relation to toothbrushing duration. Timerstudy.

The purpose of the present study was to test the plaque-removing efficacy of 4 different toothbrushes in relation to duration of toothbrushing. The brushes studied were a manual toothbrush (M), a conventional electric toothbrush--the Blend-a-Dent (BL), the Interplak (IP) and the Braun Plak Control (BPC). For this study, 20 subjects were selected.

Validation of a 21-day, partial-mouth gingivitis model for evaluating chemotherapeutic dentifrices.

The experimental gingivitis model has long been used to evaluate chemotherapeutic agents in mouthrinses. Only recently however has the model been modified to test undiluted dentifrices by using a toothshield both to apply dentifrice and to protect selected teeth from toothbrushing. This also enables participants to brush the rest of the mouth and avoid the unpleasantness of 3 weeks without oral hygiene.

The plaque-removing efficacy of an oscillating/rotating toothbrush. A short-term study.

The purpose of the present study was to test the effectiveness of a new type of BRAUN electric toothbrush (D5) in comparison with the traditional BRAUN electric toothbrush (D3) and to a manual toothbrush (M). For this study, 60 dental students were selected who had no previous experience with the use of an electric toothbrush. The study consisted of 3 experiments.

Relationship between prostaglandin-induced luteolysis and temporary inhibition of myometrial activity in late pregnant cows with ear implants containing progestagen.

The influence of luteolysis on myometrial activity in late pregnant cows was studied by measuring electromyographic (EMG) activity and concentrations of progesterone and 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGFM) in maternal arterial plasma of five cows. Application of two ear implants containing progestagen at day 261 of gestation was followed by an injection of a luteolytic dose of a prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 alpha) analogue (PG) on day 264. Calving was initiated by removal of the implants and a single injection of 5 mg flumethasone on day 270.

[Citric acid as an adjunct to periodontal surgery].

This review focuses on the effect of acid demineralisation of the root surface as an adjunct to periodontal surgery in order to obtain new attachment. Several animal studies have shown that the treatment facilitates attachment of connective tissue to the root surface. Clinical studies, however, have failed to demonstrate the effectiveness of citric acid as an adjuvant to surgical debridement.

[Ultrasonic instrumentation versus hand instrumentation in periodontics. A review of the literature].

The working mechanism and the correct use of ultrasonic devices is discussed. Comparative efficiency of ultrasonic and hand instrumentation is evaluated for the removal of subgingival plaque and calculus, for the effect on root surfaces and for the ability in removing endotoxins. Possible side effects of the ultrasonic vibrations on the tooth structures and periodontal tissues, the incidence of bacteremias and the spreading of oral infections via aerosols are stated.

Effect of clenbuterol administered during the expulsive stage of bovine parturition on uterine activity and the fetus.

The effect of an intravenous injection of 0.3 mg clenbuterol on myometrial activity, fetal heart rate and fetal outcome was studied in three groups of animals: six heifers in active labour at term, in which fetal oversize was diagnosed just before the drug was injected and whose calves were delivered by caesarean section within 50 minutes; four cows at the start of the expulsive stage of parturition which had been induced with flumethasone on day 270 of gestation; and in four parturient cows which had had electrodes implanted on the myometrium at least one week before calving was induced with flumethasone on day 270. Electrocardiograph electrodes were placed on the calf and an intrauterine pressure catheter was inserted between the calf and the uterine wall upon rupture of the amniotic membrane.

Fluctuation of the microbiota of the tongue in humans.

The purpose of this study was to examine whether variations occur in the % of motile micro-organisms on the dorsum of the tongue during a 1-month time-period and further to examine 2 transport fluids: the growth medium BM and reduced transport fluid (RTF), for their ability to conserve motility of microorganisms in comparison to sterile saline. Both transport fluids showed a significant reduction in the % of motile micro-organisms within 15 min. The use of RTF resulted, during a 60-min period, in a significantly higher % of motile micro-organisms compared to sterile saline.

Premature changes in surface activity in lung fluid of fetal lambs.

The present study was conducted to monitor changes in surface activity of lung and amniotic fluid of premature lambs. Lung fluid was continuously obtained from 10 tracheotomized fetal lambs (gestational age 98-112 days) until (premature) parturition. Amniotic fluid was sampled twice a week from 3 other lambs by catheterization, and during cesarean section at the end of the gestational period from another 3 lambs.