Spatiotemporal analysis of microstructure, sensory attributes, and full-spectrum metabolomes reveals the relationship between bitterness and nootkatone in Alpinia oxyphylla miquel fruit peel and seeds.

The Alpinia oxyphylla fruit (AOF) is a popular condiment and traditional Chinese medicine in Asia, known for its neuroprotective compound nootkatone. However, there has not been a comprehensive study of its flavor or the relationship between sensory and bioactive compounds. To address this issue, we examined AOF's microstructure, flavor, and metabolomic profiles during fruit maturation.

Beta-amyloid (Aβ) uptake by PET imaging in older HIV+ and HIV- individuals.

The causes of cognitive impairment among older HIV+ individuals may overlap with causes among elderly HIV seronegative (HIV-) individuals. The objective of this study was to determine if beta-amyloid (Aβ) deposition measured by [F] AV-45 (florbetapir) positron emission tomography (PET) is increased in older HIV+ individuals compared to HIV- individuals. Forty-eight HIV+ and 25 HIV- individuals underwent [F] AV-45 PET imaging.

Dopamine D receptor occupancy of lumateperone (ITI-007): a Positron Emission Tomography Study in patients with schizophrenia.

Dopamine D receptor occupancy (DRO) is a key feature of all currently approved antipsychotic medications. However, antipsychotic efficacy associated with high DRO is often limited by side effects such as motor disturbances and hyperprolactinemia. Lumateperone (ITI-007) is a first-in-class selective and simultaneous modulator of serotonin, dopamine and glutamate in development for the treatment of schizophrenia and other disorders.

A cholecystokinin B receptor antagonist and cocaine interaction, phase I study.

Aims: RPR 102681, a cholecystokinin-B antagonist, increased dopamine (DA) release and reduced cocaine self-administration in animals. This pilot study sought to assess the safety and pharmacokinetics (PK) of co-administration of RPR 102681 and cocaine, and to confirm the DA release mechanism of RPR 102681.

Methods: Sixteen cocaine-dependent participants were randomized to either placebo or RPR102681 at 3 ascending doses; cocaine was co-administered at steady state of RPR 102681.

Probing electron-atom collision dynamics in gas plasma by high-order harmonic spectroscopy.

Plasma is a complex system involving diverse collisional processes and interactions, such as electron-impact excitation, ionization, recombination, etc. One of the most important methods for studying the properties and dynamics of plasma is to analyze the radiations from plasma. Here, we demonstrate the high-order harmonic (HH) spectroscopy for probing the complex electron-atom collision (EAC) dynamics in a laser-induced gas plasma.

ITI-007 demonstrates brain occupancy at serotonin 5-HT₂A and dopamine D₂ receptors and serotonin transporters using positron emission tomography in healthy volunteers.

Rationale: Central modulation of serotonin and dopamine underlies efficacy for a variety of psychiatric therapeutics. ITI-007 is an investigational new drug in development for treatment of schizophrenia, mood disorders, and other neuropsychiatric disorders.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine brain occupancy of ITI-007 at serotonin 5-HT2A receptors, dopamine D2 receptors, and serotonin transporters using positron emission tomography (PET) in 16 healthy volunteers.

In vivo imaging of amyloid deposition in Alzheimer disease using the radioligand 18F-AV-45 (florbetapir [corrected] F 18).

Unlabelled: An (18)F-labeled PET amyloid-beta (Abeta) imaging agent could facilitate the clinical evaluation of late-life cognitive impairment by providing an objective measure for Alzheimer disease (AD) pathology. Here we present the results of a clinical trial with (E)-4-(2-(6-(2-(2-(2-(18)F-fluoroethoxy)ethoxy)ethoxy)pyridin-3-yl)vinyl)-N-methyl benzenamine ((18)F-AV-45 or florbetapir [corrected] F 18).

Methods: An open-label, multicenter brain imaging, metabolism, and safety study of (18)F-AV-45 was performed on 16 patients with AD (Mini-Mental State Examination score, 19.

[A survey report on dermatitis patients in hospital in Baoan district of shenzhen city from 1992 to 2006].

Objective: To analyse the epidemiological distribution of dermatitis patients in hospital and provide basis for studying the basic conditions and the prevention of dermatitis especially TCE-induced dermatitis in Baoan District of Shenzhen City.

Methods: All dermatitis patients in hospital in Baoan District from 1992 to 2006 were descriptively analysed.

Results: There were 645 dermatitis patients in hospital in Baoan District.

Quantification of cerebral cannabinoid receptors subtype 1 (CB1) in healthy subjects and schizophrenia by the novel PET radioligand [11C]OMAR.

Several studies have examined the link between the cannabinoid CB1 receptor and several neuropsychiatric illnesses, including schizophrenia. As such, there is a need for in vivo imaging tracers so that the relationship between CB1 and schizophrenia (SZ) can be further studied. In this paper, we present our first human studies in both healthy control patients and patients with schizophrenia using the novel PET tracer, [(11)C]OMAR (JHU75528), we have shown its utility as a tracer for imaging human CB1 receptors and to investigate normal aging and the differences in the cannabinoid system of healthy controls versus patients with schizophrenia.

Lack of association between 11C-PiB and longitudinal brain atrophy in non-demented older individuals.

Amyloid-β plaques (Aβ) are a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD), begin deposition decades before the incipient disease, and are thought to be associated with neuronal loss, brain atrophy and cognitive impairment. We examine associations between (11)C-PiB-PET measurement of Aβ burden and brain volume changes in the preceding years in 57 non-demented individuals (age 64-86; M=78.7).

Multi-graphical analysis of dynamic PET.

In quantitative dynamic PET studies, graphical analysis methods including the Gjedde-Patlak plot, the Logan plot, and the relative equilibrium-based graphical plot (RE plot) (Zhou Y., Ye W., Brasić J.

A consistent and efficient graphical analysis method to improve the quantification of reversible tracer binding in radioligand receptor dynamic PET studies.

The widely used Logan plot in radioligand receptor dynamic PET studies produces marked noise-induced negative biases in the estimates of total distribution volume (DV(T)) and binding potential (BP). To avoid the inconsistencies in the estimates from the Logan plot, a new graphical analysis method was proposed and characterized in this study. The new plot with plasma input and with reference tissue input was first derived to estimate DV(T) and BP.

Persistent cognitive and dopamine transporter deficits in abstinent methamphetamine users.

Background: Studies in abstinent methamphetamine (METH) users have demonstrated reductions in brain dopamine transporter (DAT) binding potential (BP), as well as cognitive and motor deficits, but it is not yet clear whether cognitive deficits and brain DAT reductions fully reverse with sustained abstinence, or whether behavioral deficits in METH users are related to dopamine (DA) deficits. This study was conducted to further investigate potential persistent psychomotor deficits secondary to METH abuse, and their relationship to brain DAT availability, as measured using quantitative PET methods with [(11)C]WIN 35428.

Methods: Twenty-two abstinent METH users and 17 healthy non-METH using controls underwent psychometric testing to test the hypothesis that METH users would demonstrate selective deficits in neuropsychiatric domains known to involve DA neurons (e.

Mechanisms of dopaminergic and serotonergic neurotransmission in Tourette syndrome: clues from an in vivo neurochemistry study with PET.

Tourette syndrome (TS) is a neuropsychiatric disorder with childhood onset characterized by motor and phonic tics. Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is often concomitant with TS. Dysfunctional tonic and phasic dopamine (DA) and serotonin (5-HT) metabolism may play a role in the pathophysiology of TS.

Using a reference tissue model with spatial constraint to quantify [11C]Pittsburgh compound B PET for early diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease.

Introduction: Reference tissue model (RTM) is a compartmental modeling approach that uses reference tissue time activity curve (TAC) as input for quantification of ligand-receptor dynamic PET without blood sampling. There are limitations in applying the RTM for kinetic analysis of PET studies using [11C]Pittsburgh compound B ([11C]PIB). For region of interest (ROI) based kinetic modeling, the low specific binding of [11C]PIB in a target ROI can result in a high linear relationship between the output and input.

Impulsivity and chronic stress are associated with amphetamine-induced striatal dopamine release.

A challenging question that continues to plague the field of addiction is why some individuals are more vulnerable for substance use disorders than others. Several important risk factors for substance abuse have been identified in clinical studies, including trait impulsivity and environmental stress. However, the neurobiological mechanisms that underlie the relationships remain poorly understood.

An extended simplified reference tissue model for the quantification of dynamic PET with amphetamine challenge.

Background: Equilibrium analysis to quantify dynamic positron emission tomography (PET) with bolus followed by continuous tracer infusion and acute amphetamine challenge assumes that all tissue kinetics attain steady states during pre- and post-challenge phases. Violations of this assumption may result in unreliable estimation of the amphetamine-induced percent change in the binding potential (DeltaBP%).

Method: We derived an extended simplified reference tissue model (ESRTM) for modeling tracer kinetics in the pre- and post-challenge phases.

Dose effects of triazolam on brain activity during episodic memory encoding: a PET study.

Rationale: Although it is well established that acute benzodiazepine administration impairs episodic memory encoding, little is known about the neuroanatomical substrates of this effect.

Objective: The objective was to examine the acute dose effects of the benzodiazepine hypnotic triazolam on brain activity during episodic memory encoding.

Methods: After oral capsule administration (placebo, 0.

Striatal dopamine release and family history of alcoholism.

Background: The offspring of alcohol-dependent individuals are at increased risk for alcoholism. The present study was designed to determine whether mesolimbic dopamine binding potential (BP), dopamine release, stress hormones, and subjective responses to intravenous amphetamine are different in nonalcoholic offspring from families with a history of alcohol dependence [family history positive (FHP)] than in nonalcoholic offspring without a family history of alcohol dependence [family history negative (FHN)].

Methods: Participants were 41 healthy men and women (11 FHP, 30 FHN; age range 18-29).

Sex differences in striatal dopamine release in healthy adults.

Background: Sex differences in addictive disorders have been described. Preclinical studies have implicated the striatal dopamine system in these differences, but human studies have yet to substantiate these findings.

Methods: Using positron emission tomography (PET) scans with high-specific-activity [11C] raclopride and a reference tissue approach, we compared baseline striatal dopamine binding potential (BP) and dopamine release in men and women following amphetamine and placebo challenges.

Migration of Tc-99m DTPA from the cerebral ventricle to the subarachnoid space.

A 70-year-old woman was examined because of increasing problems with cognition. She had a history of a cerebral shunt placed surgically 10 years previously. Introduction of Tc-99m DTPA directly into the ventricular cavity revealed good ventricular distribution, followed by progression downward, as though into a previous ventriculoperitoneal shunt.