Changing Epidemiology of Hepatitis B Virus and Hepatitis C Virus Coinfection in a Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Positive Population in China: Results From the Third and Fourth Nationwide Molecular Epidemiologic Surveys.

Background: The transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV)/hepatitis C virus (HCV) is similar in modes/routes and related risk factors. Understanding the long-term changing epidemiology of HIV, HBV, and HCV coinfection is important for evaluation of existing disease control policy and healthcare planning. We describe HBV and HCV coinfection based on the latest 2 nationwide molecular epidemiologic surveys of HIV infection in mainland China in 2007 and 2015.

The inference of HIV-1 transmission direction between a man who has sex with men and his heterosexual wife based on the sequences of HIV-1 quasi-species.

Currently, homosexual transmission has become one of the main routes of HIV-1 spread in China. Furthermore, about 80% Chinese men, who have sex with men (MSM), feel forced to enter eventually into heterosexual marriages due to the Chinese traditional marriage culture, which may cause HIV-1 infection in families. In this study, we identified HIV-1 transmission in a family and the direction of HIV-1 transmission from a MSM to his wife and infant, which indicated Chinese MSM may have become a potential bridge of HIV-1 transmission to their wives and children.

Characterization of a Novel HIV-1 Recombinant Form (CRF01_AE/CRF07_BC/CRF08_BC) Identified from Guangxi, China.

Recently, more and more kinds of circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) and unique recombinant forms (URFs) were identified in the population in China. A novel HIV-1 recombinant virus (2016GXNNIDU016) was identified in this study, which was isolated from an HIV-1 infected intravenous drug user in Nanning, the capital of Guangxi, China. Phylogenetic analysis of the near full-length genome (NFLG) indicated that the sequence (2016GXNNIDU016) was a monophyletic branch that did not cluster with any previously identified genotype.

Identification of a Novel HIV-1 Second-Generation (CRF01_AE/B) Among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Tianjin, China.

In this study, we report a novel HIV-1 second-generation recombinant form composed of CRF01_AE and subtype B detected from a married HIV-positive male subject infected through homosexual behavior in Tianjin in northern China. The near full-length genome analyses showed that two regions of subtype B inserted into the CRF01_AE backbone with four recombinant breakpoints observed in the gene region. Subregion tree analyses demonstrated that the CRF01_AE regions of the recombinant were greatly clustered with the CRF01_AE subcluster 4 lineage, which was found primarily among men who have sex with men (MSM) in northern China.

Genome Sequence of a Novel HIV-1 Circulating Recombinant Form (CRF103_01B) Identified from Hebei Province, China.

We reported a novel HIV-1 circulating recombinant form (CRF) among three epidemiologically unlinked patients through men having sex with men in Hebei Province, China. It was named CRF103_01B (this is temporary as we have not received the CRF number from HIV databases). A near full-length genome phylogenetic tree showed that CRF103_01B was generated by three B (Western origin) segments and CRF01_AE that was described as cluster 5 lineage of CRF01_AE (CRF01-5).

Genomic Characterization of a Novel HIV-1 CRF01_AE/07_BC Recombinant Virus from a Married Man Who Has Sex with Men in Tianjin, China.

We report in this study a novel HIV-1 second-generation recombinant form (TJIH0172) composed of CRF01_AE and CRF07_BC isolated from a married HIV-positive male subject infected through homosexual behavior in Tianjin, China. The phylogenetic analysis of the near full-length genome of TJIH0172 reveals that one region of CRF07_BC inserted into the CRF01_AE backbone with two recombinant breakpoints observed in the and gene regions, respectively. The CRF01_AE regions (the regions I and III) of the recombinant are greatly clustered with the CRF01_AE subcluster 4 lineage, which is mainly circulating among men who have sex with men (MSM) in northern China.

Another Near Full-Length Sequence of an HIV-1 CRF01_AE/CRF07_BC Recombinant Virus from a Man Who Has Sex with Men in Tianjin, China.

Surprisingly, more new unique recombinant forms (URFs) of CRF01_AE/CRF07_BC recombinant viruses were found in Tianjin, China, recently. Here we identified another novel HIV-1 recombinant virus (TJ20170315) isolated from an HIV-1 positive man who has sex with men in Tianjin, China. Phylogenetic analysis of the near full-length genome of TJ20170315 showed that it formed a monophyletic branch within the cluster of CRF01_AE reference sequences.

Genomic Characterization of a Novel HIV-1 Second-Generation Recombinant Form (CRF01_AE/07_BC) from a Married Man Who Has Sex with Men in Zhejiang, China.

We report here a novel HIV-1 recombinant form detected from a married HIV-positive man infected through homosexual behavior in Zhejiang, China. The breakpoint analysis of near full-length genome demonstrated a complex genome organization comprising two circulating recombinant forms (CRFs), CRF01_AE and CRF07_BC, both well-known CRFs in China. The parental CRF01_AE region (II) of recombinant clustered together with a previously reported cluster 4 lineage.

Characterization of a Novel HIV-1 CRF01_AE/CRF07_BC Recombinant Virus Among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Tianjin, China.

We report here a novel human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) second-generation recombinant form comprising CRF01_AE and CRF07_BC isolated from an HIV-positive male subject infected among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Tianjin in north China. The phylogenetic analysis of the near full-length genome of TJIH0345 reveals that three regions of CRF01_AE were inserted into the CRF07_BC backbone with five recombinant breakpoints observed in the , , , and gene regions whose genome structure is distinctly different from other circulating recombinant forms and unique recombinant forms previously reported. The continued emergence of the novel recombinant strain in Tianjin, China, highlights the increasing complexity of the HIV-1 epidemic among the MSM population, and further molecular epidemiological investigation should be done to track the genetic evolution of HIV-1 strains to prevent HIV transmission.

Using Baidu Search Engine to Monitor AIDS Epidemics Inform for Targeted intervention of HIV/AIDS in China.

China's reported cases of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and AIDS increased from over 50000 in 2011 to more than 130000 in 2017, while AIDS related search indices on Baidu from 2.1 million to 3.7 million in the same time periods.

Disparate impact on CD4 T cell count by two distinct HIV-1 phylogenetic clusters from the same clade.

HIV-1 evolved into various genetic subtypes and circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) in the global epidemic. The same subtype or CRF is usually considered to have similar phenotype. Being one of the world's major CRFs, CRF01_AE infection was reported to associate with higher prevalence of CXCR4 (X4) viruses and faster CD4 decline.

Near Full-Length Genome Sequence of a Novel HIV-1 Second-Generation Recombinant Form (CRF01_AE/CRF07_BC) Detected Among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Tianjin, China.

In recent years, men who have sex with men (MSM) have been the most affected population with fastest growing human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) prevalence in China. In our study, a novel CRF01_AE/07_BC HIV-1 recombinant form (TJIH0069), with four unique breakpoints in the pol, vpr, and nef gene regions, was identified among MSM in Tianjin City in north China. The CRF01_AE regions (regions I, III, and V) of the recombinant are all clustered together with a previously described sequence (HQ215555), which was exclusively circulating among MSM in Shijiazhuang city of Hebei Province in north China.

Characterization of a New HIV-1 CRF01_AE/B Recombinant Virus Form Among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Shanghai, China.

To date, there are 16 types of CRF01_AE/B circulating recombinant forms identified, and most of them are distributed in Asian countries such as China, Malaysia, and Singapore. Previous HIV molecular epidemiological surveys showed that CRF01_AE (27.6%) and B (9.

Near Full-Length Genomic Characterization of HIV-1 CRF01_AE/B Recombinant Strains Identified in Hebei, China.

This study reports a novel HIV-1 recombinant form of CRF01_AE/B that was isolated from a 22-year-old male individual (HE150308) residing in Hebei province, China. The near full-length genome (NFLG) phylogenetic tree showed that the strain was clustered with CRF01_AE reference sequences and placed at the peripheral position within the branch of CRF01_AE strains. The bootscaning and similarity plot analysis revealed that the NFLG of this novel recombinant was composed of eight interlaced segments, including four CRF01_AE and four subtype B segments separated by seven breakpoints observed in the gag, pol, and nef regions of HIV-1 genome.

Near Full-Length Genomic Characterization of a Novel HIV Type 1 Recombinant Form (CRF01_AE/B) Identified from Anhui, China.

HIV-1 recombinant forms contribute substantially to its genetic evolution. This study reports a novel HIV-1 second-generation recombinant form (AH150299) composed of CRF01_AE and subtype B, isolated from an HIV-positive female subject infected through heterosexual contact in Anhui province of eastern China. The analyses of the near full-length genome sequence showed that one subtype B segment was inserted into the CRF01_AE backbone, with two recombinant breakpoints observed in the vif/vpr and env/nef gene regions.

Near Full-Length Genome Sequence of a Novel HIV-1 Recombinant Form (CRF01_AE/07_BC) Detected Among Men Who Have Sex with Men in Zhejiang, China.

The prevalence of HIV type 1 among men who have sex with men (MSM) is increasing in China. We report here a novel HIV-1 recombinant form (CRF01_AE/CRF07_BC) detected from a male patient infected with HIV-1 by homosexual behavior in Zhejiang Province of eastern China. The near full-length genome analyses showed that the unique HIV-1 recombinant isolate (16ZJ305) has two recombinant breakpoints observed in the env and tat/rev gene regions.

Characterization of a New HIV-1 CRF01_AE/CRF07_BC Recombinant Virus in Tianjin, China.

HIV is notorious for its rapid evolution since its transmissions from monkey to human. Currently, HIV contains multiple subtypes, circulating recombinant forms (CRFs) and unique recombinant forms (URFs). Here, from an HIV-positive mother and her child in Tianjin, China, we identified a novel HIV-1 second-generation recombinant virus (TJ20170316 and TJ20170317) between CRF01_AE and CRF07_BC.