Cross-Talk and Multiple Control of Target of Rapamycin (TOR) in Sclerotinia sclerotiorum.

Sclerotinia sclerotiorum is a necrotrophic phytopathogenic fungus that cross-talks with its hosts for control of cell-death pathways for colonization. Target of rapamycin (TOR) is a central regulator that controls cell growth, intracellular metabolism, and stress responses in a variety of eukaryotes, but little is known about TOR signaling in . In this study, we identified a conserved TOR signaling pathway and characterized SsTOR as a critical component of this pathway.

High-contrast ratio and high-efficiency anamorphic DLP illumination system design with a freeform surface lens.

In this paper, an anamorphic digital light processing illumination system design with a freeform surface lens is described. A lens with a freeform surface lens is combined with the achromatic total internal reflection prism set for application in a relay lens system. In order to achieve a high contrast ratio without sacrificing illumination system efficiency, the novel, to the best of our knowledge, design uses an - polynomial surface for the freeform surface lens to reduce the overlap angle of the anamorphic angular distribution in angular space.