The Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology (CSCO): Clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer, 2023.

The 2023 update of the Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology (CSCO) Clinical Guidelines for Gastric Cancer focuses on standardizing cancer diagnosis and treatment in China, reflecting the latest advancements in evidence-based medicine, healthcare resource availability, and precision medicine. These updates address the differences in epidemiological characteristics, clinicopathological features, tumor biology, treatment patterns, and drug selections between Eastern and Western gastric cancer patients. Key revisions include a structured template for imaging diagnosis reports, updated standards for molecular marker testing in pathological diagnosis, and an elevated recommendation for neoadjuvant chemotherapy in stage III gastric cancer.

Histomorphological and molecular genetic characterization of different intratumoral regions and matched metastatic lymph nodes of colorectal cancer with heterogenous mismatch repair protein expression.

Purpose: To better understand the clinicopathological characteristics and molecular alterations in different intratumoral components of colorectal cancer (CRC) with heterogeneity of mismatch repair (MMR) protein expression and microsatellite instability (MSI) status.

Methods: The histopathological features, MSI status, and other molecular alterations were analyzed in separately microdissected intratumoral regions and matched metastatic lymph nodes in four cases with intratumoral heterogenous MMR expression screened from 500 CRC patients, using PCR-based MSI testing, MLH1 promoter methylation, and targeted next-generation sequencing (NGS).

Results: High microsatellite instability (MSI-H) was identified in MLH1/PMS2-deficient regions in Cases 1 to 3 and in MSH2/MSH6-deficient regions in Case 4, while microsatellite stability (MSS) was detected in all the intratumoral regions and metastatic lymph nodes with proficient MMR expression (pMMR).

Comprehensive molecular characterization and identification of prognostic signature in stomach adenocarcinoma on the basis of energy-metabolism-related genes.

Background: Stomach adenocarcinoma (STAD) is a leading cause of cancer deaths, but its molecular and prognostic characteristics has never been fully illustrated.

Aim: To describe a molecular evaluation of primary STAD and develop new therapies and identify promising prognostic signatures.

Methods: We describe a comprehensive molecular evaluation of primary STAD based on comprehensive analysis of energy-metabolism-related gene (EMRG) expression profiles.

The Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology (CSCO): Clinical guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer, 2021.

There exist differences in the epidemiological characteristics, clinicopathological features, tumor biological characteristics, treatment patterns, and drug selections between gastric cancer patients from the Eastern and Western countries. The Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology (CSCO) has organized a panel of senior experts specializing in all sub-specialties of gastric cancer to compile a clinical guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer since 2016 and renews it annually. Taking into account regional differences, giving full consideration to the accessibility of diagnosis and treatment resources, these experts have conducted expert consensus judgment on relevant evidence and made various grades of recommendations for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of gastric cancer to reflect the value of cancer treatment and meeting health economic indexes in China.

Malignant Gastrointestinal Neuroectodermal Tumor: Clinicopathologic, Immunohistochemical, and Molecular Analysis of 19 Cases.

A malignant gastrointestinal neuroectodermal tumor (GNET) is rare, and it is therefore yet to be completely understood. This study aimed to present the clinicopathologic features of GNET, including treatment information. We included 19 patients with GNET with a mean tumor size of 4.

Clinicopathologic features and prognostic value of KRAS, NRAS and BRAF mutations and DNA mismatch repair status: A single-center retrospective study of 1,834 Chinese patients with Stage I-IV colorectal cancer.

Mutations of KRAS, NRAS, BRAF and DNA mismatch repair (MMR) status have become an important part of the assessment of patients with colorectal cancer (CRC), while respective clinicopathologic features and prognostic significance in specific stages and related detection strategies remain unclear. We retrospectively analyzed clinicopathologic features and prognosis of 1,834 patients with Stage I-IV colorectal adenocarcinoma. Mutations in KRAS, NRAS and BRAF and DNA MMR status were determined.

Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome complicating sessile serrated adenoma/polyps: A case report and review of literature.

Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome (SRUS) is a rare benign condition, which can mimic many other diseases because of their similarities in clinical, endoscopic and histological features. Sessile serrated adenoma/polyp (SSA/p) is a premalignant lesion in the colon and rectum. The misdiagnosis of SSA/p in SRUS patients has been noted, but the case of SRUS arising secondarily to SSA/p has been rarely reported.

E2F1 induces LSINCT5 transcriptional activity and promotes gastric cancer progression by affecting the epithelial-mesenchymal transition.

Background: Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been shown to play important regulatory roles in human cancer. We previously verified that the lncRNA long stress-induced noncoding transcript 5 (LSINCT5) is overexpressed in gastric cancer (GC) cells and closely correlated with cell proliferation and patient prognosis. However, whether aberrant LSINCT5 expression has an important effect on GC progression is unclear, and the potential mechanisms remain unknown.

Validation of the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center nomogram to predict disease-specific survival in a Chinese gastric cancer population receiving postoperative chemoradiotherapy after an R0 resection.

The widely validated Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center (MSKCC) nomogram for gastric carcinoma (GC) was developed based on patients who received R0 resection only. The purpose of the current study was to assess the performance of this nomogram in Chinese patients who received postoperative chemoradiotherapy (CRT) after an R0 resection for GC. From 2006 to 2015, the clinical data of 150 eligible patients were retrospectively collected from the Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center (FUSCC) and used for external validation.

Primary Intestinal Extranodal Natural Killer/T-Cell Lymphoma, Nasal Type: A Comprehensive Clinicopathological Analysis of 55 Cases.

Purpose: To investigate the clinicopathological features, survival and prognostic factors of primary intestinal extranodal natural killer/T-cell lymphoma, nasal type (PI-ENKTCL).

Methods: Clinical and histological characteristics of PI-ENKTCL cases were retrospectively evaluated. Immunohistochemical phenotype and status of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and T-cell receptor (TCR) gene rearrangement were examined.

Upregulation of the Non-Coding RNA OTUB1-isoform 2 Contributes to Gastric Cancer Cell Proliferation and Invasion and Predicts Poor Gastric Cancer Prognosis.

Background: The deubiquitinase OTUB1 plays critical oncogenic roles and facilitates tumor progression in cancer. However, less is known regarding the aberrant expression, clinical significance and biological functions of the non-coding RNA OTUB1-isoform 2. We aimed to evaluate the OTUB1-isoform 2 levels in gastric cancer and their possible correlation with clinicopathologic features and patient survival to reveal its biological effects in gastric cancer progression.

Reciprocal repression between TUSC7 and miR-23b in gastric cancer.

Recently, long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) were demonstrated to play important regulatory roles in biological processes and cancer biology. However, the overall pathophysiological contribution of lncRNAs to gastric cancer (GC) remains largely unknown. In this study, differentially expressed lncRNAs in GC and paired adjacent normal tissue samples were identified by microarray and were validated using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR).

Circulating CUDR, LSINCT-5 and PTENP1 long noncoding RNAs in sera distinguish patients with gastric cancer from healthy controls.

The examination of circulating nucleic acids (CNAs) is an emerging noninvasive diagnostic technique. However, it is unclear if serum long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) represent a novel marker to detect gastric cancer (GC). In this study, we measured 39 candidate cancer-associated lncRNAs by reverse transcription and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) in sera from 110 patients with GC, 106 age- and sex-matched healthy subjects and 15 patients with gastric peptic ulcer, markers were validated and assessed by RT-qPCR.

Pituitary tumor-transforming gene-1 serves as an independent prognostic biomarker for gastric cancer.

Background: Pituitary tumor-transforming gene-1 (PTTG1) is a transcription factor that can affect transcriptional activity, angiogenesis, and cell senescence. We examined PTTG1 mRNA and protein expression in gastric cancer (GC) cell lines and tissues to determine its value as a biomarker for GC diagnosis and therapy.

Methods: PTTG1 mRNA expression from 78 GC cases and paired adjacent normal mucosa (PCR cohort) as well as from five gastric cell lines was assessed using qRT-PCR.

Long non-coding RNA LSINCT5 predicts negative prognosis and exhibits oncogenic activity in gastric cancer.

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are recently discovered RNA transcripts that are aberrantly expressed in many tumor types. Numerous studies have suggested that lncRNAs can be utilized for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. LSINCT5 (long stress-induced non-coding transcript 5) is dramatically upregulated in breast and ovarian cancer and affects cellular proliferation.

Down-regulated MYH11 expression correlates with poor prognosis in stage II and III colorectal cancer.

The MYH11 gene may be related to cell migration and adhesion, intracellular transport, and signal transduction. However, its relationship with prognosis is still uncertain. The aim of this study was to investigate correlations between MYH11 gene expression and prognosis in 58 patients with stage II and III colorectal cancer.

Down-regulation of ncRAN, a long non-coding RNA, contributes to colorectal cancer cell migration and invasion and predicts poor overall survival for colorectal cancer patients.

Accumulating evidence has indicated that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play critical roles in regulating cellular processes, such as cell growth and apoptosis, as well as cancer progression and metastasis. ncRAN (non-coding RNA expressed in aggressive neuroblastoma) was previously shown to be dramatically up-regulated and associated with poor prognosis in human neuroblastoma. This lncRNA also plays an important role in bladder cancer growth and invasion.

The spectrum of primary mucosal CD30-positive T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders of the head and neck.

Objective: To retrospectively investigate the clinicopathologic spectrum of primary mucosal CD30-positive T-cell lymphoproliferative disorders (PTCLDs) of the head and neck.

Study Design: Archives of PTCLDs primarily arising in head and neck mucosa were reviewed. Immunostaining of CD20, CD3, CD4, CD8, CD30, CD56, anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK), epithelial membrane antigen (EMA), cytotoxic molecules (TIA-1, granzyme B, or perforin), and Ki67; in situ hybridization for Epstein-Barr virus; and T-cell receptor gene rearrangement analysis were performed.

[Role of arginase-1 expression in distinguishing hepatocellular carcinoma from non-hepatocellular tumors].

Objective: To study the role of arginase-1 (Arg-1) expression in differential diagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), Arg-1 staining pattern in clear cell neoplasm (HCC and non-HCC) and Arg-1 expression in non-hepatocellular tumors.

Methods: Seventy-eight cases of HCC (including 8 cases of clear cell type and 70 cases of non- clear cell type) and 246 cases of non-hepatocellular neoplasms (including 29 cases of metastatic tumors such as breast cancer, nasopharyngeal carcinoma and neuroendocrine carcinoma, 77 cases of tumors with clear cell changes such as malignant melanoma, clear cell renal cell carcinoma and alveolar soft part sarcoma, and 140 cases of other types of tumors such as ovarian endometrioid adenocarcinoma, pituitary tumor and thyroid papillary carcinoma) were studied.Immunohistochemical study for Arg-1 was performed on the paraffin-embedded tumor tissue.

The FBXO4 tumor suppressor functions as a barrier to BRAFV600E-dependent metastatic melanoma.

Cyclin D1-cyclin-dependent kinase 4/6 (CDK4/6) dysregulation is a major contributor to melanomagenesis. Clinical evidence has revealed that p16(INK4A), an allosteric inhibitor of CDK4/6, is inactivated in over half of human melanomas, and numerous animal models have demonstrated that p16(INK4A) deletion promotes melanoma. FBXO4, a specificity factor for the E3 ligase that directs timely cyclin D1 proteolysis, has not been studied in melanoma.

Primary paraganglioma of thyroid gland: a clinicopathologic and immunohistochemical analysis of three cases with a review of the literature.

Thyroid paraganglioma is an extremely rare tumor and frequently mistaken for other thyroid neoplasms. Increased awareness of its potential presentation in thyroid and its characteristic features is essential for avoiding diagnostic and therapeutic pitfalls. We describe here three additional cases of primary thyroid paraganglioma and analyze their clinical findings and pathological characteristics.

CD133: a cancer stem cells marker, is used in colorectal cancers.

Colorectal cancer is one of the most common malignant tumors worldwide. A model of cancer development involving cancer stem cells has been put forward because it provides a possible explanation of tumor hierarchy. Cancer stem cells are characterized by their proliferation, tumorigenesis, differentiation, and self-renewal capacities, and chemoradiotherapy resistance.

[Plexiform angiomyxoid myofibroblastic tumor of stomach].

Objective: To study the clinicopathologic features, immunophenotype and differential diagnosis of plexiform angiomyxoid myofibroblastic tumor (PAMT) of the stomach.

Methods: The clinical and pathologic findings of 3 cases of PAMT in the gastric antrum were retrospectively analyzed. Immunohistochemical study was carried out and the literature was reviewed.

[KRAS and BRAF gene mutations in correlation with clinicopathologic features of colorectal carcinoma in Chinese].

Objective: To retrospectively analyze KRAS and BRAF gene mutation features in Chinese colorectal cancer (CRC) and their clinicopathologic relationship.

Methods: 557 colorectal cancer cases were collected, including 325 colon cancer and 232 rectal cancer. PCR amplification and DNA sequencing were used to detect mutations in exon 2 of KRAS gene and exon 15 of BRAF gene mutation.