Programmed death ligand-1/programmed death-1 inhibition therapy and programmed death ligand-1 expression in urothelial bladder carcinoma.

After two decades of unchanged paradigms, the treatment strategies for advanced urothelial bladder cancer have been revolutionized by emerging programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1)/programmed death-1 (PD1) inhibition therapy. Increased evidence is demonstrating the efficacy of PD-L1/PD1 inhibition therapy in both second-line and first-line settings. However, the percentage of patients who benefit from anti-PD-L1/anti-PD1 therapy is still low.

Risk Factors for the Occurrence of Insufficient Cement Distribution in the Fractured Area after Percutaneous Vertebroplasty in Osteoporotic Vertebral Compression Fractures.

Background: Insufficient cement distribution (ICD) in the fractured area has been advocated to be responsible for unsatisfied pain relief after percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) for osteoporotic vertebral compression fractures (OVCFs). However, little is known about risk factors for the occurrence of ICD.

Objective: The present study aimed to identify independent risk factors of the emergence of ICD.

Management of centrally located hepatocellular carcinoma: Update 2016.

Centrally located hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is sited in the central part of the liver and adjacent to main hepatic vascular structures. This special location is associated with an increase in the difficulty of surgery, aggregation of the recurrence disease, and greater challenge in disease management. This review summarizes the evolution of our understanding for centrally located HCC and discusses the development of treatment strategies, surgical approaches and recurrence prevention methods.

Experiment Research on Hot-Rolling Processing of Nonsmooth Pit Surface.

In order to achieve the nonsmooth surface drag reduction structure on the inner polymer coating of oil and gas pipelines and improve the efficiency of pipeline transport, a structural model of the machining robot on the pipe inner coating is established. Based on machining robot, an experimental technique is applied to research embossing and coating problems of rolling-head, and then the molding process rules under different conditions of rolling temperatures speeds and depth are analyzed. Also, an orthogonal experiment analysis method is employed to analyze the different effects of hot-rolling process apparatus on the embossed pits morphology and quality of rolling.

Myeloid-derived suppressor cells mediate immune suppression in spinal cord injury.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is characterized by the loss of motor and sensory functions in areas below the level of the lesion and numerous accompanying deficits. Previous studies have suggested that myeloid-derived suppressor cell (MDSC)-induced immune depression may play a pivotal role in the course of SCI. However, the concrete mechanism of these changes regarding immune suppression remains unknown.

Prognostic Factors and Clinical Characteristics for Hepatocellular Carcinoma Patients with Benign Enlarged Perihepatic Lymph Nodes: a Single-Center Experience from China.

Background: The clinical and prognostic significance of benign perihepatic lymph nodes enlargement (PLNE) from patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains unclear. The objective of this study is to evaluate the relative frequency, incidence and locations of benign PLNE, and the impact on long-term survival of the patients.

Methods: A total of 219 consecutive patients who underwent curative resection of HCC between July 2006 and March 2012 in our single institution were divided into two groups according to the presence of PLNE: PLNE group (n = 76), and control group (n = 143).

Hepatocellular adenoma with malignant transformation in male patients with non-cirrhotic livers.

Introduction: Hepatocellular adenomas (HCAs), with a risk of malignant transformation into hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), classically develop in young women who are taking oral contraceptives. It is now clear that HCAs may also occur in men. However, it is rarely reported that HCAs with malignant transformation occur in male patients with non-cirrhotic livers.

Three-dimensional morphometric analysis for hepatectomy of centrally located hepatocellular carcinoma: a pilot study.

Aim: To describe a three-dimensional model (3DM) to accurately reconstruct anatomic relationships of centrally located hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs).

Methods: From March 2013 to July 2014, reconstructions and visual simulations of centrally located HCCs were performed in 39 patients using a 3D subject-based computed tomography (CT) model with custom-developed software. CT images were used for the 3D reconstruction of Couinaud's pedicles and hepatic veins, and the calculation of corresponding tumor territories and hepatic segments was performed using Yorktal DMIT software.

[Comparative study of three types of anatomical vascular occlusion method in hepatectomy for liver neoplasms].

Objective: To assess the clinical efficacies of three types of anatomical hepatic inflow occlusion method in hepatectomy for liver neoplasms.

Methods: A non-randomized concurrent controlled trial was performed from January 2011 to October 2012, a total of 180 consecutive patients with liver neoplasms underwent hepatectomy similarly. They were divided into 3 groups according to the hepatic inflow occlusion methods during resection: HHV group (hemi-hepatic vascular inflow occlusion, n = 60), MPV group (main portal vein inflow occlusion, n = 60) and HPP group (hemi-portal vein preserved inflow occlusion, n = 60).

[Application of selective and timely regional hepatic vascular occlusion for resection of large centrally located liver tumors: report of 133 cases].

Objective: To improve the resection rate and increase operation safety for large centrally located liver tumors.

Methods: Clinical data from 133 patients with large centrally located liver tumors confirmed by surgery were analyzed retrospectively. Selective and timely regional hepatic vascular occlusion was used during the operation procedure.