Salmonella inhibits tumor metastasis by downregulating epithelial cell adhesion molecules through the protein kinase-B/mammalian target of rapamycin signaling pathway.

Epithelial cell adhesion molecules (EpCAM) are highly expressed in many carcinomas and regulate the epithelial-mesenchymal transition, which is required for tumor metastasis. Furthermore, EpCAM overexpression induces tumor cells to develop a stem cell-like phenotype and promotes tumor progression. Targeting EpCAM may be a promising approach for inhibiting tumor metastasis and progression.

The extracts of enhance chemosensitivity and reduce tumor indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase expression.

has been shown to possess anti-inflammation and antitumor properties. Several studies have indicated that extracts of (PG2) have growth inhibitory effects on tumor. However, the effect of PG2 on enhancing the chemotherapy, modulating tumor immune escape and their mechanism of action is unknown and need further investigation.