Functional dissection of parabrachial substrates in processing nociceptive information.

Painful stimuli elicit first-line reflexive defensive reactions and, in many cases, also evoke second-line recuperative behaviors, the latter of which reflects the sensing of tissue damage and the alleviation of suffering. The lateral parabrachial nucleus (lPBN), composed of external- (elPBN), dorsal- (dlPBN), and central/superior-subnuclei (jointly referred to as slPBN), receives sensory inputs from spinal projection neurons and plays important roles in processing affective information from external threats and body integrity disruption. However, the organizational rules of lPBN neurons that provoke diverse behaviors in response to different painful stimuli from cutaneous and deep tissues remain unclear.

Preoperative diffusion-weighted imaging value of rectal cancer: preoperative T staging and correlations with histological T stage.

Purpose: To assess the ability of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) for evaluating T stage and correlation with histological T stage of rectal cancer.

Method: The diagnostic accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of T2WI and DWI combined with T2WI for T stage were evaluated. Mean tumor apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) was compared with histological T stage.

Aggressive osteoblastoma of the temporal bone: a case report and review of the literature.

Osteoblastoma can take place in any part of the skeleton. Its occurrence in the calvarium is extremely rare. The aggressive form of osteoblastoma is a rare variant.