Retrocaval ureter and right ureteropelvic junction obstruction: a case report and literature review.

A clinical case involving a patient with retrocaval ureter and right ureteropelvic junction obstruction (UPJO) is presented, accompanied by a comprehensive review and discussion of relevant literature. The patient, a 43-year-old female, was admitted to the hospital after discovering right hydronephrosis 2 weeks prior. Computed tomographic urography (CTU) revealed significant right hydronephrosis, a retrocaval ureter, and compression of the right renal variant artery causing UPJO.

Metformin improves cognitive dysfunction through SIRT1/NLRP3 pathway-mediated neuroinflammation in db/db mice.

Diabetes mellitus (DM), an important public health problem, aggravates the global economic burden. Diabetic encephalopathy (DE) is a serious complication of DM in the central nervous system. Metformin has been proven to improve DE.