The influence of socio-economic status on child temperament and psychological symptom profiles.

The influence of socio-economic status (SES) on child temperament and psychological symptoms was examined using a nationally representative sample in Singapore. Data were available for 2169 children from 1987 families. Caregivers' reports were obtained on children aged 4-6.

Data on Singapore longitudinal early development study (SG-LEADS).

The Singapore Longitudinal Early Development Study (SG-LEADS) seeks to understand factors that can enhance or hinder Singaporean children's early childhood development with an aim to inform public policies that can help each child reach his or her potential. SG-LEADS is a nationally representative household survey that focuses on Singaporean households with children aged 0-6 at the baseline. It adopts a multi-stage probability sampling - clustered and stratified sampling strategy - with an oversample of the low-income households residing in 1-3-room HDB (Housing Development Board) public housing units.

Family ideals in an era of low fertility.

Taking stock of individuals' perceived family ideals is particularly important in the current moment given unprecedented fertility declines and the diversification of households in advanced industrial societies. Study participants in urban China, Japan, South Korea, Singapore, the United States, Italy, Spain, and Norway were asked to evaluate vignettes describing families whose characteristics vary on ten dimensions. In contrast to previous studies that focused on a single dimension, such as fertility ideals or gender roles, this holistic vignette approach identifies the relative importance of each dimension.

How food insecurity affects children's behavior problems in early childhood: The nutrition and family stress pathways.

This study examines how household food insecurity shapes young children's behavior problems in Singapore. The analysis is based on two waves of data collected before and during COVID-19 from a nationally representative sample of 2,601 children in the Singapore Longitudinal Early Development Study (SG-LEADS, Mage = 4.5 at wave 1, Mage = 6 at wave 2).

Pre-pandemic family resources and child self-regulation in children's internalizing problems during COVID-19: a multi-level social-ecological framework for emotional resilience.

Introduction: Children's psychological adjustment to adverse events can be determined by multiple risk and resilience factors. This study explored multi-level protective factors against children's internalizing problems and investigated the mechanism regarding how diverse environmental and child-level resources influence children's mental health in the context of COVID-19.

Methods: Our participants included a nationally representative sample of 2,619 young children (48.

The influence of socioeconomic status and appearance-reality understanding on pre-schoolers' sharing and generosity.

Prosocial behaviour can be defined as any voluntary action that is performed to benefit another individual. Despite accumulating evidence of the importance of environmental variables (e.g.

Are centenarians successful agers? Evidence from China.

Background: It is unclear to what degree centenarians are successful agers. We assess successful aging (SA) and its subtypes in a large Chinese sample.

Methods: Based on a large national sample of 18,311 Chinese centenarians, we first estimated the prevalence of SA among centenarians, and then used the Latent Class Analysis to classify centenarians into different types based on the five dimensions of SA.

Effects of socio-economic status on infant native and non-native phoneme discrimination.

Infants undergo fundamental shifts in perception that are reported to be critical for language acquisition. In particular, infants' perception of native and non-native sounds begins to align with the properties of their native sound system. Thus far, empirical evidence for this transition - perceptual narrowing - has drawn from socio-economically and linguistically narrow populations from limited world regions.

The home literacy environment mediates effects of socio-economic status on infant vocabulary development.

It is well attested that high socio-economic status (SES) is associated with larger vocabulary size estimates in young children. This has led to growing interest in identifying associations and mechanisms that may contribute to this relationship. In this study, parent-child reading behaviors were investigated in relation to vocabulary size in a large-scale study of linguistically and socio-economically diverse families.

Cohort matters: The relationships between living arrangements and psychological health from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLoSA).

Background: Little is known about cohort variations in the relationships between living arrangements and psychological health among older adults. The current study evaluated whether cohort differences in the intergenerational support affect the differences in the mental health benefits of multigenerational living arrangements, and how they do so.

Methods: Using panel regression models with lagged variables based on South Korean data, we compared the shape of the relationships between living arrangements and psychological conditions of two cohorts of older adults.

The Country That Never Retires: The Gendered Pathways to Retirement in South Korea.

Objectives: Among all Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development countries, South Korean older adults work until the latest age. We investigate the extent to which work experiences over the life course and family circumstances can be associated with older workers' incentives to remain in the labor force beyond the statutory pension age. We explore gender-specific patterns of labor force exit and labor force re-entry in later life.

Parental Migration and Children's Psychological and Cognitive Development in China: Differences and Mediating Mechanisms.

Internal migration has resulted in a large number of left-behind children in China. Despite growing attention to this population, important gaps remain in our understanding of their cognitive development and the factors that mediate the impact of migration on children. The present study draws on a new nationally representative survey of Chinese children to study the psychological and cognitive development of left-behind children.

Reciprocal Dynamics of Solo-Living and Health Among Older Adults in Contemporary China.

Objectives: Solo-living has far-reaching implications for older adults' well-being. The causal impacts and the pathways of solo-living on health and well-being of older adults are still unclear. This study examines the correlates of solo-living and subsequent health outcomes of solo-living among older adults in mainland China.

Childhood conditions and productive aging in China.

We investigate the impacts of childhood conditions on productive aging in China. Productive aging is defined as engagement in working, caring, and socially productive activities (volunteering, informal helping, etc.).

Long-Term Care for Older Adults in ASEAN Plus Three: The Roles of Family, Community, and the State in Addressing Unmet Eldercare Needs.

Objective: To introduce this Special Issue that focuses on understanding the issues surrounding the long-term care (LTC) in selected societies in Southeast and East Asian countries.

Method: We first provide demographic and socioeconomic context for these countries and then summarize the seven articles in this issue.

Results: The articles highlight the rapidly rising demand for LTC in this region in the next few decades given the declining fertility, lengthening life expectancy, and increasing migration.

Gender matters: Productive social engagement and the subsequent cognitive changes among older adults.

This study examines the relationships between productive social engagement and cognitive functioning trajectories of older adults in South Korea and how the nature of the relationships differs for men and women. We exploit data from a nationally representative longitudinal survey of South Korea from 2006 to 2014 and apply the Growth Mixture Modeling approach to disentangle health causation from health selection processes. We find that socially productive activities are associated with more favorable cognitive functioning trajectories, independent of an individual's baseline health and cognitive status.

An Ecological Framework for Active Aging in China.

Objectives: Against the background of emerging research interest in integrating Active Aging in long-term care policies, the study investigates the relationships between community environment and engagement in social activities (paid work, domestic care, participation in community and leisure activities) by older Chinese adults. Six indicators are derived from the economic, institutional, and sociodemographic environments of the communities under analysis.

Method: The first wave of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) is used for empirical examinations.

Social exclusion and cognitive impairment - A triple jeopardy for Chinese rural elderly women.

This study investigates how social exclusion, defined as a multidimensional concept encompassing financial deprivation, social isolation, and a lack of basic social rights, is associated with cognitive impairment of elderly Chinese. Using three waves of the Chinese Longitudinal Healthy Longevity Survey (N = 10,923), we find that rural elderly women are the most vulnerable to social exclusion (17.28%) and cognitive impairment (18.

Age of Retirement and Human Capital in an Aging China, 2015-2050.

As China continues to age rapidly, whether the country should adjust the official retirement age, and if so, when and how, are currently major policy concerns. We examine the impact of postponing the retirement age on the human capital of China in the next four decades. Two critical aspects of human capital-health and education-are incorporated to account for the quality of the work force.

Marriage and Family in East Asia: Continuity and Change.

Trends toward later and less marriage and childbearing in East Asia have been even more pronounced than in the West. At the same time, many other features of East Asian families have changed very little. We review recent research on trends in a wide range of family behaviors in China, Japan, Korea, and Taiwan.

Parental Spending on School-Age Children: Structural Stratification and Parental Expectation.

As consumption expenditures are increasingly recognized as direct measures of children's material well-being, they provide new insights into the process of intergenerational transfers from parents to children. Little is known, however, about how parents allocate financial resources to individual children. To fill this gap, we develop a conceptual framework based on stratification theory, human capital theory, and the child-development perspective; exploit unique child-level expenditure data from Child Supplements of the PSID; and employ quantile regression to model the distribution of parental spending on children.

Measuring respiratory health in longitudinal social science surveys.

Objectively assessing respiratory health in longitudinal social science surveys would involve collecting pulmonary function measures on research participants, either in clinic settings or at home. These measures include indicators of volume (e.g.