Vitreoretinal surgery in the management of infectious and non-infectious uveitis - a narrative review.

Purpose: This study aims to conduct a narrative review about the current role of vitreoretinal surgery in the management of infectious and non-infectious uveitis.

Methods: This review was performed based on a search of the PubMed database or on relevant published papers according to our current knowledge.

Results: A total of 91 articles were identified in the literature review.

Iron(III) bound by hydrosulfide anion ligands: NO-promoted stabilization of the [Fe(III)-SH] motif.

Spontaneous transformation of the thermally stable [HS](-)-bound {Fe(NO)2}(9) dinitrosyl iron complex (DNIC) [(HS)2Fe(NO)2](-) (1) into [(NO)2Fe(μ-S)]2(2-) (Roussin's red salt (RRS)) along with release of H2S, probed by NBD-SCN (NBD = nitrobenzofurazan), was observed when DNIC 1 was dissolved in water at ambient temperature. The reversible transformation of RRS into DNIC 1 (RRS → DNIC 1) in the presence of H2S was demonstrated. In contrast, the thermally unstable hydrosulfide-containing mononitrosyl iron complex (MNIC) [(HS)3Fe(III)(NO)](-) (3) and [Fe(III)(SH)4](-) (5) in THF/DMF spontaneously dimerized into the first structurally characterized Fe(III)-hydrosulfide complexes [(NO)(SH)Fe(μ-S)]2(2-) (4) with two {Fe(NO)}(7) motifs antiferromagnetically coupled and [(SH)2Fe(μ-S)]2(2-) (6) resulting from two Fe(III) (S = 5/2) centers antiferromagnetically coupled to yield an S = 0 ground state with thermal occupancy of higher spin states, respectively.

Humanization and characterization of an anti-human TNF-α murine monoclonal antibody.

A murine monoclonal antibody, m357, showing the highly neutralizing activities for human tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α) was chosen to be humanized by a variable domain resurfacing approach. The non-conserved surface residues in the framework regions of both the heavy and light chain variable regions were identified via a molecular modeling of m357 built by computer-assisted homology modeling. By replacing these critical surface residues with the human counterparts, a humanized version, h357, was generated.

Production of multivalent protein binders using a self-trimerizing collagen-like peptide scaffold.

A class of multivalent protein binders was designed to overcome the limitations of low-affinity therapeutic antibodies. These binders, termed "collabodies," use a triplex-forming collagen-like peptide to drive the trimerization of a heterologous target-binding domain. Different forms of collabody, consisting of the human single-chain variable fragment (scFv) fused to either the N or C terminus of the collagen-like peptide scaffold (Gly-Pro-Pro)(10), were stably expressed as soluble secretory proteins in mammalian cells.

Crystal structure of Helicobacter pylori formamidase AmiF reveals a cysteine-glutamate-lysine catalytic triad.

Helicobacter pylori AmiF formamidase that hydrolyzes formamide to produce formic acid and ammonia belongs to a member of the nitrilase superfamily. The crystal structure of AmiF was solved to 1.75A resolution using single-wavelength anomalous dispersion methods.

Structure-stability-activity relationship in covalently cross-linked N-carbamoyl D-amino acid amidohydrolase and N-acylamino acid racemase.

N-Acylamino acid racemase (NAAAR) and N-carbamoyl-D-amino-acid amidohydrolase (D-NCAase) are important biocatalysts for producing enantiopure alpha-amino acids. NAAAR forms an octameric assembly and displays induced fit movements upon substrate binding, while D-NCAase is a tetramer that does not change conformation in the presence of a ligand. To investigate the effects of introducing potentially stabilizing S-S bridges in these different multimeric enzymes, cysteine residues predicted to form inter or intra-subunit disulfide bonds were introduced by site-directed mutagenesis.

Structural basis for catalytic racemization and substrate specificity of an N-acylamino acid racemase homologue from Deinococcus radiodurans.

N-acylamino acid racemase (NAAAR) catalyzes the racemization of N-acylamino acids and can be used in concert with an aminoacylase to produce enantiopure alpha-amino acids, a process that has potential industrial applications. Here we have cloned and characterized an NAAAR homologue from a radiation-resistant ancient bacterium, Deinococcus radiodurans. The expressed NAAAR racemized various substrates at an optimal temperature of 60 degrees C and had Km values of 24.

Structural basis for catalysis and substrate specificity of Agrobacterium radiobacter N-carbamoyl-D-amino acid amidohydrolase.

N-Carbamoyl-d-amino acid amidohydrolase is an industrial biocatalyst to hydrolyze N-carbamoyl-d-amino acids for producing valuable d-amino acids. The crystal structure of N-carbamoyl-d-amino acid amidohydrolase in the unliganded form exhibits a alpha-beta-beta-alpha fold. To investigate the roles of Cys172, Asn173, Arg175, and Arg176 in catalysis, C172A, C172S, N173A, R175A, R176A, R175K, and R176K mutants were constructed and expressed, respectively.