Simultaneous lung and renal squamous cell carcinoma: A diagnostic and treatment challenge.

This article discusses a case study of a 68-year-old male patient with lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) who developed solitary renal metastasis. The importance of routine imaging for detecting asymptomatic renal metastasis is highlighted. The efficacy of various treatment options, including nephrectomy, stereotactic body radiation therapy, and cryoablation, is explored.

Sensing and Transmitting Intracellular Amino Acid Signals through Reversible Lysine Aminoacylations.

Amino acids are known regulators of cellular signaling and physiology, but how they are sensed intracellularly is not fully understood. Herein, we report that each aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (ARS) senses its cognate amino acid sufficiency through catalyzing the formation of lysine aminoacylation (K-AA) on its specific substrate proteins. At physiologic levels, amino acids promote ARSs bound to their substrates and form K-AAs on the ɛ-amine of lysines in their substrates by producing reactive aminoacyl adenylates.

Calpain Cleaves Most Components in the Multiple Aminoacyl-tRNA Synthetase Complex and Affects Their Functions.

Nine aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases (aaRSs) and three scaffold proteins form a super multiple aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase complex (MSC) in the human cytoplasm. Domains that have been added progressively to MSC components during evolution are linked by unstructured flexible peptides, producing an elongated and multiarmed MSC structure that is easily attacked by proteases in vivo. A yeast two-hybrid screen for proteins interacting with LeuRS, a representative MSC member, identified calpain 2, a calcium-activated neutral cysteine protease.