Towards Single Camera Human 3D-Kinematics.

Markerless estimation of 3D Kinematics has the great potential to clinically diagnose and monitor movement disorders without referrals to expensive motion capture labs; however, current approaches are limited by performing multiple de-coupled steps to estimate the kinematics of a person from videos. Most current techniques work in a multi-step approach by first detecting the pose of the body and then fitting a musculoskeletal model to the data for accurate kinematic estimation. Errors in training data of the pose detection algorithms, model scaling, as well the requirement of multiple cameras limit the use of these techniques in a clinical setting.

Breast MRI during Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy: Lack of Background Parenchymal Enhancement Suppression and Inferior Treatment Response.

Background Suppression of background parenchymal enhancement (BPE) is commonly observed after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) at contrast-enhanced breast MRI. It was hypothesized that nonsuppressed BPE may be associated with inferior response to NAC. Purpose To investigate the relationship between lack of BPE suppression and pathologic response.

Responsive Web-based Breast Imaging Core Curriculum for International Radiology Residents with Self-Assessment: A Pilot Study.

Rationale And Objectives: Lack of uniformity in radiology resident education is partially attributable to variable access to subspecialty education. Web-based courses improve standardization, but with growing emphasis on competency based education, more evaluation of their effectiveness is needed. We created a responsive web-based breast imaging curriculum for radiology residents including self-assessment and a satisfaction survey.

Axillary ultrasound during neoadjuvant systemic therapy in triple-negative breast cancer patients.

Purpose: To investigate the value of performing mid-treatment axillary ultrasound (AUS) in triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) patients who are undergoing neoadjuvant systemic therapy (NAST) by determining the optimal cutoff number of abnormal nodes associated with residual nodal disease on surgical pathology.

Materials And Methods: This sub-study, an interim analysis of an ongoing single-institution clinical trial enrolling patients with stage I-III TNBC, included 106 patients. Number of abnormal nodes at mid-treatment was assessed and recorded by experienced breast radiologists, who empirically categorized lymph nodes using a binary approach of sonographically-normal versus abnormal.

Streamlining the Quantitative Metrics Workflow at a Comprehensive Cancer Center.

Introduction: The objective of the project was to describe an efficient workflow for quantifying and disseminating tumor imaging metrics essential for assessing tumor response in clinical therapeutic trials. The clinical research utility of integration of the workflow into the electronic health record for radiology reporting was measured before and after the intervention.

Materials And Methods: A search of institutional clinical trial databases was performed to identify trials with radiology department collaborators.

Imaging features of triple-negative breast cancers according to androgen receptor status.

Objective: Different molecular subtypes of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) have previously been identified through analysis of gene expression profiles. The luminal androgen receptor (LAR) subtype has been shown to have a lower rate of pathologic complete response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy than other TNBC subtypes. The purpose of this study was to determine if the imaging features of TNBCs differ by AR (androgen receptor) status, which is a surrogate immunohistochemical (IHC) marker for the chemoresistant LAR subtype of TNBC.

Supplemental ultrasound screening in patients with a history of lobular neoplasia.

To investigate the role of ultrasound (US) screening as an adjunct to annual mammography (M) in breast cancer detection in women with a history of lobular neoplasia (LN) diagnosed following core needle or excisional biopsy. A retrospective review of our database was performed between 11/2006 and 11/2011 to identify patients diagnosed with LN, and underwent annual screening. Patients with a lifetime risk >20% per risk modeling were excluded.

Artifacts in Digital Breast Tomosynthesis.

Objective: Artifacts in digital breast tomosynthesis and synthesized 2D imaging reduce image quality. This article describes the appearance of these unique artifacts, reviews their causes, and discusses methods to ameliorate these artifacts.

Conclusion: Artifacts in digital breast tomosynthesis and synthesized 2D imaging can obscure important findings on mammograms.

A pictorial review: multimodality imaging of benign and suspicious features of fat necrosis in the breast.

Fat necrosis of the breast is a well-described benign entity that can result in unnecessary biopsy of breast lesions. The pathogenesis of fat necrosis is a non-suppurative inflammatory process of adipose tissue, which may be seen after trauma, surgery, biopsy, post-breast reconstruction, post-fat grafting, post-radiotherapy, infection, and duct ectasia, among other conditions. Clinically, these patients may be asymptomatic or may present with a palpable lump, skin tethering, induration, and occasionally axillary lymphadenopathy.

Diffusion-weighted imaging is helpful in the accurate non-invasive diagnosis of breast abscess: correlation with necrotic breast cancer.

Clinical differentiation of atypical breast abscesses from necrotic tumour in premenopausal women is challenging and may delay appropriate therapy. In this case report, we present a 36-year-old woman with signs, symptoms and conventional imaging features of malignancy who underwent breast MRI. On diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI), profoundly low apparent diffusion coefficient values were a distinguishing sign of breast abscess from necrotic breast cancer, and helped manage the patient conservatively.

Performance of Mid-Treatment Breast Ultrasound and Axillary Ultrasound in Predicting Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy by Breast Cancer Subtype.

Background: The primary objective was to determine whether mid-treatment ultrasound measurements of index breast tumors and index axillary nodes of different cancer subtypes associate with residual cancer burden (RCB).

Methods: Patients with invasive breast cancer who underwent neoadjuvant chemotherapy and had pre-treatment and mid-treatment breast and axillary ultrasound were included in this single-institution, retrospective cohort study. Linear regression analysis assessed associations between RCB with (a) change in index breast tumor size, (b) change in index node size, and (c) absolute number of abnormal nodes at mid-treatment.

Incremental Cancer Detection of Locoregional Restaging with Diagnostic Mammography Combined with Whole-Breast and Regional Nodal Ultrasound in Women with Newly Diagnosed Breast Cancer.

Rationale And Objectives: This study aims to determine if locoregional restaging with diagnostic mammography and ultrasound (US) of the whole breast and regional nodes performed for quality assurance in women with newly diagnosed breast cancer who were referred to a tertiary care center yields incremental cancer detection.

Materials And Methods: An institutional review board-approved retrospective, single-institution database review was performed on the first 1000 women referred to our center in 2010 with a provisional breast cancer diagnosis. Locoregional restaging consisted of diagnostic full-field digital mammography combined with US of the whole breast and regional nodal basins.

Paradigm Shifts in Breast Care Delivery: Impact of Imaging in a Multidisciplinary Environment.

Objective: The practice of breast imaging in a collaborative multidisciplinary environment adds significant value to outcomes in women's health care. In this article, we describe multidisciplinary considerations in breast cancer screening and early detection, the impact of imaging and histopathologic findings in the diagnostic evaluation and management of breast abnormalities, and the contribution of imaging to surgical and radiation therapy planning for the breast cancer patient.

Conclusion: The multidisciplinary delivery of breast care for women that incorporates screening, diagnosis of borderline and high-risk lesions, and management of the breast cancer patient adds considerable value to outcomes in health care.

Multimodality Imaging for Evaluating Response to Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy in Breast Cancer.

Objective: Neoadjuvant chemotherapy is becoming the standard of care for patients with locally advanced breast cancer. Conventional imaging modalities used for the assessment of tumor response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy rely on changes in size or morphologic characteristics and, therefore, are inherently limited.

Conclusion: Functional imaging technologies evaluate vascular, metabolic, biochemical, and molecular changes in cancer cells and have a unique ability to detect specific biologic tumor markers, assess therapeutic targets, predict early response to neoadjuvant chemotherapy, and guide individualized cancer therapy.

Imaging Factors That Influence Surgical Margins After Preoperative 125I Radioactive Seed Localization of Breast Lesions: Comparison With Wire Localization.

Objective: The objective of this study was to compare the potential influence of imaging variables on surgical margins after preoperative radioactive seed localization (RSL) and wire localization (WL) techniques.

Materials And Methods: A total of 565 women with 660 breast lesions underwent RSL or WL between May 16, 2012, and May 30, 2013. Patient age, lesion type (mass, calcifications, mass with associated calcifications, other), lesion size, number of seeds or wires used, surgical margin status (close positive or negative margins), and reexcision and mastectomy rates were recorded.

Ten-Year Outcomes of Patients With Breast Cancer With Cytologically Confirmed Axillary Lymph Node Metastases and Pathologic Complete Response After Primary Systemic Chemotherapy.

Importance: The long-term effect of axillary pathologic complete response (pCR) on survival among women with breast cancer treated with primary systemic chemotherapy (PST) is unknown.

Objective: To assess the long-term effect of axillary pCR on relapse-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) in women with breast cancer with cytologically confirmed axillary lymph node metastases treated with PST.

Design, Setting, And Participants: We retrospectively analyzed the effect of axillary pCR on 10-year OS and RFS among all women who received a diagnosis of breast cancer stages II to III with cytologically confirmed axillary metastases between 1989 and 2007 who received PST at a large US comprehensive cancer center.

Sonography and Sonographically Guided Needle Biopsy of Internal Mammary Nodes in Staging of Patients With Breast Cancer.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify the prevalence of occult nodal metastases on routine ultrasound examination of internal mammary (IM) nodal basins in patients with breast cancer.

Materials And Methods: Patients with primary breast cancer (n = 595) underwent breast ultrasound evaluation between September 1, 2011, and April 1, 2012. For all patients, ultrasound examination included a survey of the axillary, infraclavicular, IM, and supraclavicular nodal basins.

Strain elastography of abnormal axillary nodes in breast cancer patients does not improve diagnostic accuracy compared with conventional ultrasound alone.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine the diagnostic value of strain elastography (SE) alone and in combination with gray-scale ultrasound in the diagnosis of benign versus metastatic disease for abnormal axillary lymph nodes in breast cancer patients.

Subjects And Methods: Patients with breast cancer and axillary lymph nodes suspicious for metastatic disease on conventional ultrasound who underwent SE of the suspicious node before ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) were included in this study. On conventional ultrasound, the long- and short-axis diameters, long-axis-to-short-axis ratio, cortical echogenicity, thickness, and evenness were documented.

Role of sonography for the locoregional staging of breast cancer.

Objective: This article describes the use of sonography for the locoregional staging of breast cancer. Sonography may identify mammographically occult disease within the breast. Sonography of the regional nodal basins, including the axilla, infraclavicular, supraclavicular, and internal mammary regions, can identify nodal metastases, which may upstage disease and have implications for prognosis.

Primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the breast: clinical, imaging, and histologic features.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical, imaging, and histopathologic findings of primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the breast.

Materials And Methods: A pathology database was searched for the records of patients with a histopathologic diagnosis of primary neuroendocrine carcinoma of the breast who had undergone mammography, sonography, or MRI between 1984 and 2011. The imaging studies of eligible patients were retrospectively reviewed according to the BI-RADS lexicon, and clinical presentation and histopathologic characteristics were documented.

Imaging-pathologic correlation of diseases in the axilla.

Objective: This article reviews the imaging and histopathologic findings of various axillary diseases and suggests management guidelines for radiologists based on imaging findings with clinical correlation.

Conclusion: Although axillary diseases may reveal nonspecific imaging findings, a knowledge of the characteristic radiologic manifestations of specific diseases according to anatomic origin (nodal, accessory breast, adipocytic, fibrous, nerve, vascular, stromal, and dermal) and postsurgical lesions aids in establishing an appropriate differential diagnosis and determining whether intervention is necessary.

Imaging features of benign adenomyoepithelioma of the breast.

Purpose: The purpose of our study was to evaluate the imaging features of benign adenomyoepithelioma of the breast with a focus on sonographic (US) appearances.

Methods: Ten benign adenomyoepitheliomas in 9 patients were included in this study. Mammographic and US findings were analyzed retrospectively by 2 radiologists according to the Breast Imaging-Reporting and Data System (BI-RADS) lexicon.

Staging of breast cancer with ultrasound.

The prognosis of women with breast cancer depends on tumor size and regional lymph node status. Clinical assessment combined with imaging is important in the staging of primary breast cancer, particularly in a multidisciplinary setting where radiologists, pathologists, medical, surgical, and radiation oncologists work together to optimize patient care. Delineation of loco-regional (multifocal vs multicentric) disease is critical in surgical planning to enable a curative procedure with clear margins and good cosmetic outcome.

Emerging techniques and molecular imaging in breast cancer.

The sensitivity of screening mammography is limited in the evaluation of dense breasts, with as few as 45% of cancers visible in extremely dense breasts. Supplementary imaging for improved sensitivity in women with dense breasts is necessary to overcome this limitation. Emerging technologies that advance the applications of digital mammography include digital breast tomosynthesis and dedicated breast cone-beam computed tomography.