Scleral Thickness in Autosomal Dominant Best Vitelliform Macular Dystrophy.

Purpose: To investigate the posterior and equatorial scleral thickness in patients with autosomal dominant Best disease, a condition that has chronic subretinal fluid.

Methods: Retrospective study involving patients with Best disease and age-matched controls. Participants were evaluated with contact B-scan ultrasonography and enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography to evaluate scleral thickness in the posterior pole and equator.

THE WAY PATIENTS SEE FLOATERS: Widefield Dynamic Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy Imaging of Vitreous Abnormalities.

Purpose: To investigate the use of dynamic widefield scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (SLO) and B-scan ultrasonography in imaging vitreous abnormalities in patients with complaints of floaters.

Methods: Twenty-one patients underwent both dynamic SLO and B-scan ultrasonography to image their vitreous abnormalities. After reviewing these videos, patients graded each imaging technique on a scale of 1 to 10, based on how closely it represented their visual perception of floaters.

BULBOSITIES AND INTERVORTEX VENOUS ANASTOMOSIS IN VENOUS OVERLOAD CHOROIDOPATHY MASQUERADING AS POLYPOIDAL CHOROIDAL VASCULOPATHY.

Purpose: To describe a patient with venous overload choroidopathy in whom venous bulbosities masqueraded as polyps and intervortex venous anastomosis mimicked a branching vascular network, giving the appearance of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy.

Methods: The patient had complete ophthalmic examination including indocyanine green angiography and optical coherence tomography. Venous bulbosities were defined on indocyanine green angiography as focal dilations in which the diameter of the dilation is two times that of the host vessel.

Effects of medications on hypoxia-inducible factor in the retina: A review.

Hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) plays a critical role in the mechanisms that allow cells to adapt to various oxygen levels in the environment. Specifically, HIF-1⍺ has shown to be widely involved in cellular repair, survival, and energy metabolism. HIF-1⍺ has also been found in increased levels in cancer cells, highlighting the importance of balance in the hypoxic response.

Protocol for Indocyanine Green Angiography.

Indocyanine green (ICG) angiography was first approved by the Food and Drug Administration for human use in the 1956. Prior to its use in chorioretinal angiograms, ICG was used to measure blood flow and track cardiac output. It was only in 1969 when two researchers, Kyuga Kogure and Earl Choromokos from the University of Miami, first used ICG to create more accurate angiograms.

Ophthalmic Fluorescein Angiography.

Following its implementation in the 1960s, fluorescein angiography (FA) has become a widely used and reliable tool in the diagnosis of retinal and choroidal disorders. FA is an imaging modality utilized to examine the circulation of the retina and choroid. Here, we describe the process of obtaining fundus images with sodium fluorescein dye as a contrast agent.

Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography (OCTA) Findings in Retinitis Pigmentosa.

Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) is a noninvasive new imaging modality that can be used to diagnose and monitor progression of retinitis pigmentosa (RP). Cohorts and case series have shown correlation between OCTA findings and visual function and disease severity. Although an early use of the technology is promising, there are concerns about segmentation errors and artifacts.

PRIMARY OCCLUSIVE PANVASCULITIS WITH SEGMENTAL PERIARTERIAL PLAQUES.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe a new clinical entity of bilateral occlusive panvasculitis with segmental periarterial plaques and its clinical course in two patients.

Methods: This was a retrospective chart review.

Results: Two patients with no medical history of any systemic inflammatory diseases presented with bilateral segmental periarterial plaques (Kyrieleis plaques), cotton wool spots, and microaneurysms.

Correlations of Full-Field Stimulus Threshold With Functional and Anatomical Outcome Measurements in Advanced Retinitis Pigmentosa.

Purpose: To compare full-field stimulus (FST) threshold values to conventional functional and anatomical measures commonly used in clinical practice.

Design: Cross-sectional study.

Methods: Patients with retinitis pigmentosa with nondetectable electroretinogram rod-mediated responses and light-adapted 3.

SAUSAGING AND BULBOSITIES OF THE CHOROIDAL VEINS IN CENTRAL SEROUS CHORIORETINOPATHY.

Purpose: To evaluate the caliber of the choroidal veins in central serous chorioretinopathy, a disease proposed to be associated with overloading of choroidal venous outflow.

Methods: Widefield indocyanine green angiograms of eyes with central serous chorioretinopathy were graded for sausaging defined as three or more contiguous fusiform dilations that vary by at least 50% from the narrowest to largest diameters. A bulbosity was defined as a focal 2X dilation of a blood vessel as compared with the diameter of the surrounding host vessel.

Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration (nAMD): A Review of Emerging Treatment Options.

Neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) is a common world-wide cause of visual loss. Intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) agents are an effective means to treat nAMD and reduce its impact on vision compared to either sham treatment or photodynamic therapy. Currently, the approved anti-VEGF drugs include ranibizumab, aflibercept and brolucizumab.

REGIONAL SCLERAL THICKNESS AS A RISK FACTOR FOR CENTRAL SEROUS CHORIORETINOPATHY.

Purpose: To evaluate regional sclera thicknesses as possible risk factors for central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC).

Methods: Patients with CSC and controls were evaluated with contact B-scan ultrasonography using a 20 Mhz concentric phased array ultrasound unit and enhanced depth imaging optical coherence tomography to measure the scleral thickness at the equator and posterior pole. The resultant data were evaluated using univariate analysis and generalized estimating equations.

Ocular Adverse Events After COVID-19 Vaccination.

Purpose: The COVID-19 pandemic has galvanized the development of new vaccines at an unprecedented pace. Since the widespread implementation of vaccination campaigns, reports of ocular adverse effects after COVID-19 vaccinations have emerged. This review summarizes ocular adverse effects possibly associated with COVID-19 vaccination, and discusses their clinical characteristics and management.

Predictors of persistent disease activity following anti-VEGF loading dose for nAMD patients in Singapore: the DIALS study.

Background: To determine the frequency of persistent disease activity following 3 loading doses of anti- vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents, and the anatomic and demographic predictors of early persistent disease activity among patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD).

Methods: In a retrospective real-world cohort study, 281 consecutive patients with nAMD were reviewed at baseline and after 3 anti-VEGF injections for pre-defined indicators of disease activity. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) features such as subretinal fluid, intraretinal cysts and intraretinal fluid were assessed by reading-center certified graders.

Comparing efficacy of reduced-fluence and standard-fluence photodynamic therapy in the treatment of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy.

Background: The EVEREST II study reported superior polyp closure rates and visual outcomes using combination standard photodynamic therapy (PDT) with intravitreal ranibizumab in the treatment of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV). The optimal PDT protocol remains controversial and it is postulated that less intensive PDT strategies may reduce complications. We aimed to compare the efficacy of reduced and standard-fluence PDT.

EVEREST Report 5: Clinical Outcomes and Treatment Response of Polypoidal Choroidal Vasculopathy Subtypes in a Multicenter, Randomized Controlled Trial.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe the characteristics of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) subtypes among patients from a multicenter randomized controlled trial and to determine the impact of PCV subtypes on clinical outcomes.

Methods: This was a prospective cohort study of 61 patients with macular PCV from the EVEREST study. Indocyanine green (ICGA) and fluorescein angiography (FA) obtained using standardized imaging protocols were graded to classify PCV into three subtypes.

EVEREST study report 3: diagnostic challenges of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy. Lessons learnt from screening failures in the EVEREST study.

Purpose: To describe screening failures in the EVEREST study by examining the imaging characteristics that enabled differentiation of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy (PCV) from cases that were subsequently diagnosed not to be PCV.

Methods: Post-hoc analysis of 34 patients with PCV reported as screening failures from EVEREST study. Standardised confocal scanning laser indocyanine green angiography (ICGA) images were graded by the Central Reading Centre to confirm PCV diagnosis based on the presence of early focal sub-retinal hyperfluorescence on ICGA and at least one of the following six diagnostic criteria: (1) nodular appearance of polyp(s) on stereoscopic examination, (2) hypofluorescent halo around nodule(s), (3) presence of a branching vascular network, (4) pulsation of polyp(s) on dynamic ICGA, (5) orange sub-retinal nodules on colour fundus photography, or (6) massive sub-macular haemorrhage (≥4 disc areas in size).