HIV incidence and factors associated with HIV acquisition among injection drug users in St Petersburg, Russia.

Background: The Russian HIV-1 epidemic has been driven by injection drug use.

Objective: To determine HIV incidence and identify demographic and behavioral correlates of infection to facilitate the development of longitudinal HIV prevention programs.

Methods: In 2002, a cohort of 520 injection drug users (IDU) in St Petersburg, Russia were recruited and tested and counseled for HIV-1.

Breast-milk shedding of drug-resistant HIV-1 subtype C in women exposed to single-dose nevirapine.

Single-dose nevirapine reduces intrapartum human immunodeficiency virus 1 type (HIV-1) transmission but may also select for nonnucleoside reverse-transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) resistance in breast milk (BM) and plasma. Among 32 Zimbabwean women, median 8-week postpartum plasma and BM HIV-1 RNA levels were 4.57 and 2.