Interventions in the Home and Community for Medically Complex Children: A Systematic Review.

Context: Most care occurs in home and community settings; however, the best approaches to improve CMC health are poorly understood.

Objective: We sought to summarize evidence from interventions in the home and community to improve health for children with medical complexity (CMC) using comprehensive conceptions of CMC health.

Data Sources: PubMed, CINAHL, Scopus, and Cochrane databases.

Synthetic Strategies for FRET-Enabled Carbohydrate Active Enzyme Probes.

Carbohydrates are an essential class of biomolecule and carbohydrate active enzymes (CAZys) catalyze their synthesis, refinement, and degradation, hence contributing an overall regulatory capacity to their underpinning physiological roles. Here we survey recent accomplishments for accessing defined carbohydrate structures, suitably equipped with FRET probe capability, followed by their utilization in studying particular classes of CAZy.

Developments in the Chemical Synthesis of Heparin and Heparan Sulfate.

Heparin and heparan sulfate represent key members of the glycosaminoglycan family of carbohydrates and underpin considerable repertoires of biological importance. As such, their efficiency of synthesis represents a key requirement, to further understand and exploit the H/HS structure-to-biological function axis. In this review we focus on chemical approaches to and methodology improvements for the synthesis of these essential sugars (from 2015 onwards).

Subcellular localised small molecule fluorescent probes to image mobile Zn.

Zn, as the second most abundant d-block metal in the human body, plays an important role in a wide range of biological processes, and the dysfunction of its homeostasis is related to many diseases, including Type 2 diabetes, Alzheimer's disease and prostate and breast cancers. Small molecule fluorescent probes, as effective tools for real-time imaging, have been widely used to study Zn related processes. However, the failure to control their localisation in cells has limited their utility somewhat, as they are generally incapable of studying individual processes in a specific cellular location.

A Series of Manganese(III) Salen Complexes as a Result of Team-Based Inquiry in a Transnational Education Programme.

The development of a team-based approach to research-led transnational practical chemistry teaching is described in which a team of five Chinese students on an articulated transnational degree programme, supported by a team of academic and technical staff, carried out a study examining the structural chemistry of a series of manganese(III) salen complexes. A series of four crystallographically characterized manganese(III) salen complexes with ancillary carboxylate ligands are reported here. The carboxylate coordination modes range from the bridging syn-anti μ -κO : κO' mode observed in the predominant cyclohexanoate and isobutyrate species, to a capping terminal monodentate mode for the adamantanoate species, and an unusual mixture of bridging and terminal coordination modes observed in a second minor phase of the cyclohexanoate species.

Endoplasmic reticulum targeting fluorescent probes to image mobile Zn.

Zn plays an important role in the normal function of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and its deficiency can cause ER stress, which is related to a wide range of diseases. In order to provide tools to better understand the role of mobile Zn in ER processes, the first custom designed ER-localised fluorescent Zn probes have been developed through the introduction of a cyclohexyl sulfonylurea as an ER-targeting unit with different Zn receptors. Experiments and show that both probes have a good fluorescence switch on response to Zn, high selectivity over other cations, low toxicity, ER-specific targeting ability and are efficacious imaging agents for mobile Zn in four different cell lines.

An alternative modular 'click-SAr-click' approach to develop subcellular localised fluorescent probes to image mobile Zn .

Zn2+ is involved in a number of biological processes and its wide-ranging roles at the subcellular level, especially in specific organelles, have not yet been fully established due to a lack of tools to image it effectively. We report a new and efficient modular double 'click' approach towards a range of sub-cellular localised probes for mobile zinc. Through this methodology, endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and lysosome localised probes were successfully prepared which show good fluorescence responses to mobile Zn2+in vitro and in cellulo whilst a non-targeting probe was synthesized as a control.

Peptide Cross-Linked Poly(2-oxazoline) as a Sensor Material for the Detection of Proteases with a Quartz Crystal Microbalance.

Inflammatory conditions are frequently accompanied by increased levels of active proteases, and there is rising interest in methods for their detection to monitor inflammation in a point of care setting. In this work, new sensor materials for disposable single-step protease biosensors based on poly(2-oxazoline) hydrogels cross-linked with a protease-specific cleavable peptide are described. The performance of the sensor material was assessed targeting the detection of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9), a protease that has been shown to be an indicator of inflammation in multiple sclerosis and other inflammatory conditions.

Photoelectrochemical Imaging System for the Mapping of Cell Surface Charges.

The surface charge of cells affects cell signaling, cell metabolic processes, adherence to surfaces, and cell proliferation. Our understanding of the role of membrane charges is limited due to the inability to observe changes without interfering, chemically or physically, with the cell or its membrane. Here, we report that a photoelectrochemical imaging system (PEIS) based on label-free ac-photocurrent measurements at indium tin oxide (ITO) coated glass substrates can be used to map the basal surface charge of single live cells under physiological conditions.

Peptide Cross-Linked Poly (Ethylene Glycol) Hydrogel Films as Biosensor Coatings for the Detection of Collagenase.

Peptide cross-linked poly(ethylene glycol) hydrogel has been widely used for drug delivery and tissue engineering. However, the use of this material as a biosensor for the detection of collagenase has not been explored. Proteases play a key role in the pathology of diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.

Biotin-tagged fluorescent sensor to visualize 'mobile' Zn in cancer cells.

A cancer cell-targeting fluorescent sensor has been developed to image mobile Zn2+ by introducing a biotin group. It shows a highly selective response to Zn2+in vitro, no toxicity in cellulo and images 'mobile' Zn2+ specifically in cancer cells. We believe this probe has the potential to help improve our understanding of the role of Zn2+ in the processes of cancer initiation and development.

Chelating Rotaxane Ligands as Fluorescent Sensors for Metal Ions.

Although metal-ion-binding interlocked molecules have been under intense investigation for over three decades, their application as scaffolds for the development of sensors for metal ions remains underexplored. In this work, we demonstrate the potential of simple rotaxanes as metal-ion-responsive ligand scaffolds through the development of a proof-of-concept selective sensor for Zn .

Remarkable increase in the rate of the catalytic epoxidation of electron deficient styrenes through the addition of Sc(OTf) to the MnTMTACN catalyst.

The effect of Lewis acids on the catalytic activity of [Mn(μ-O)(TMTACN)](PF) in the epoxidation of styrenes using hydrogen peroxide as the oxidant has shown that the addition of Sc(OTf) at low catalytic loading results in a very significant increase in the efficiency of the catalyst and a reduction of the reaction time to only 3 minutes in most cases.

Tethered to the EHR: Primary Care Physician Workload Assessment Using EHR Event Log Data and Time-Motion Observations.

Purpose: Primary care physicians spend nearly 2 hours on electronic health record (EHR) tasks per hour of direct patient care. Demand for non-face-to-face care, such as communication through a patient portal and administrative tasks, is increasing and contributing to burnout. The goal of this study was to assess time allocated by primary care physicians within the EHR as indicated by EHR user-event log data, both during clinic hours (defined as 8:00 am to 6:00 pm Monday through Friday) and outside clinic hours.

Aggregation-Induced Emission (AIE) Fluorophore Exhibits a Highly Ratiometric Fluorescent Response to Zn in vitro and in Human Liver Cancer Cells.

Two novel organic fluorophores, containing bis-naphthylamide and quinoline motifs, have been designed and synthesized. One of the fluorophores contains an isobutylene unit and exhibits a significant aggregation-induced emission (AIE) and a remarkable highly selective ratiometric fluorescence response towards Zn in solution as well as in human liver cancer cells. The AIE behavior of this fluorophore was fully verified by fluorescence and UV/Vis spectroscopy, quantum yield calculations, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction, which revealed an intricate crystal packing system.

Promotion of Orange-Fleshed Sweet Potato Increased Vitamin A Intakes and Reduced the Odds of Low Retinol-Binding Protein among Postpartum Kenyan Women.

Orange-fleshed sweet potato (OFSP) improves vitamin A (VA) status of young children; research with pregnant and lactating women is limited. We examined the effectiveness of the Mama SASHA (Sweetpotato Action for Security and Health in Africa) program to improve nutrition knowledge, diets, and nutritional status of pregnant and lactating women (PLW) in Western Kenya. Eight health facilities were allocated to the Mama SASHA intervention or comparison arms.

Copper Contamination of Self-Assembled Organic Monolayer Modified Silicon Surfaces Following a "Click" Reaction Characterized with LAPS and SPIM.

A copper(I)-catalyzed azide alkyne cycloaddition (CuAAC) reaction combined with microcontact printing was used successfully to pattern alkyne-terminated self-assembled organic monolayer-modified silicon surfaces. Despite the absence of a copper peak in X-ray photoelectron spectra, copper contamination was found and visualized using light-addressable potentiometric sensors (LAPS) and scanning photo-induced impedance microscopy (SPIM) after the "click"-modified silicon surfaces were rinsed with hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution, which was frequently used to remove copper residues in the past. Even cleaning with an ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) solution did not remove the copper residue completely.

Heads you win, tails you lose: filtration processing for the microscopical examination of sperm heads.

The sperm head plays a key role in many fertilisation events and determining the precise location of molecules within the head region is important in mechanistically dissecting the fertilisation process. Such molecules may be present in low copy number and many sperm head profiles must be examined to localise them to particular subcellular structures with confidence. Filtration has traditionally been used for the purpose of concentrating biological material, such as free-living cells, spores, and subcellular fractions, and little attempt has been made to extend the procedure to encompass the entire processing schedule, mainly due to the incompatibility of intermediate dehydrating solvents with membrane filters.

Beta Cell Hubs Dictate Pancreatic Islet Responses to Glucose.

The arrangement of β cells within islets of Langerhans is critical for insulin release through the generation of rhythmic activity. A privileged role for individual β cells in orchestrating these responses has long been suspected, but not directly demonstrated. We show here that the β cell population in situ is operationally heterogeneous.

Maternal experiences of embodied emotional sensations during breast feeding: An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis.

Objective: the purpose of this study was to explore mothers׳ experiences of embodied emotional sensations during breast feeding and to understand the meaning and consequences that such experiences may have on mothers' sense of self and the relationships they form with their children.

Design: a qualitative design was applied to this study as it was judged as the most appropriate approach to this novel field of enquiry.

Setting: the study was conducted in United Kingdom using a sample of mothers drawn from five different countries from Europe, America and Australia.

Incorporation of Cobalt-Cyclen Complexes into Templated Nanogels Results in Enhanced Activity.

Recent advances in nanomaterials have identified nanogels as an excellent matrix for novel biomimetic catalysts using the molecular imprinting approach. Polymerisable Co-cyclen complexes with phosphonate and carbonate templates have been prepared, fully characterised and used to obtain nanogels that show high activity and turnover with low catalytic load, compared to the free complex, in the hydrolysis of 4-nitrophenyl phosphate, a nerve agent simulant. This work demonstrates that the chemical structure of the template has an impact on the coordination geometry and oxidation state of the metal centre in the polymerisable complex resulting in very significant changes in the catalytic properties of the polymeric matrix.

"Click" Patterning of Self-Assembled Monolayers on Hydrogen-Terminated Silicon Surfaces and Their Characterization Using Light-Addressable Potentiometric Sensors.

Two potential strategies for chemically patterning alkyne-terminated self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on oxide-free silicon or silicon-on-sapphire (SOS) substrates were investigated and compared. The patterned surfaces were validated using a light-addressable potentiometric sensor (LAPS) for the first time. The first strategy involved an integration of photolithography with "click" chemistry.

Disposable MMP-9 sensor based on the degradation of peptide cross-linked hydrogel films using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy.

Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) plays an important role in both physiological and pathological processes. This enzyme is a peripheral biomarker of neuroinflammation in multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system. Presently, expensive magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies are used to monitor subclinical disease activity in MS.

Biologically targeted probes for Zn: a diversity oriented modular "click-SAr-click" approach†Electronic supplementary information (ESI) available: Full experimental details including characterisation of all novel compounds can be found in the ESI. See DOI: 10.1039/c4sc01249f.

We describe a one-pot strategy for the high yielding, operationally simple synthesis of fluorescent probes for Zn that bear biological targeting groups and exemplify the utility of our method through the preparation of a small library of sensors. Investigation of the fluorescence behaviour of our library revealed that although all behaved as expected in MeCN, under biologically relevant conditions in HEPES buffer, a plasma membrane targeting sensor displayed a dramatic switch on response to excess Zn as a result of aggregation phenomena. Excitingly, studies in mouse pancreatic islets demonstrated that this readily available sensor was indeed localised to the exterior of the plasma membrane and clearly responded to the Zn co-released when the pancreatic beta cells were stimulated to release insulin.

Catalytic and mechanistic studies into the epoxidation of styrenes using manganese complexes of structurally similar polyamine ligands.

Two structurally similar polyamine ligands (7 and 8) have been prepared, which differ only by the presence of either a secondary or tertiary nitrogen donor within their N5 donor set. The ligands, in combination with iron and manganese salts, have been screened for their efficacy as catalysts for the epoxidation of styrene, using both hydrogen peroxide and peracetic acid as oxidants. Clear differences in activity between the two systems were observed, with 7 proving most effective in the presence of MnSO4 with H2O2, whereas ligand 8 proved to be effective with Mn(OTf)2, MnCl2 and Mn(ClO4)2 using peracetic acid as the oxidant.