Formal axillary dissection.

Formal axillary dissection is a precise anatomical procedure by which the lymphatic contents of the axilla are removed en bloc. It is used as both a staging and a therapeutic procedure for carcinoma of the breast, and as a therapeutic or palliative procedure for established axillary metastases.

Carpal tunnel syndrome secondary to wrist and finger flexor spasticity.

Ten patients with spastic wrist flexion deformities secondary to traumatic brain injury were evaluated for carpal tunnel syndrome. The angle of wrist flexion deformity averaged 75 degrees (range, 58 to 115 degrees). Nerve conduction studies demonstrated prolonged median motor and/or sensory latencies in all patients.

Ulnar nerve innervation of paw and SI cortex of cat: substrate for reorganization.

We studied the distribution of the peripheral nerves innervating the distal forepaw by recording receptive fields from fascicles of the ulnar, radial, and median nerves and compared this result with the peripheral nerve representation in primary somatosensory (SI) cortex of cat. Our findings suggest that SI cortex receives input, in large part, from multiple peripheral nerves even when those nerves do not show a strong overlapping pattern in the periphery. This overlap pattern observed in SI cortex may be responsible, in part, for the immediate reorganization which is known to follow peripheral nerve deafferentation.

Energy storage in quantum-well lasers.

A new scheme of energy storage in single-quantum-well semiconductor lasers is analyzed. This scheme involves the storage of the majority of injected carriers in the continuum states of the surrounding bulk material, in which the carrier density is diluted and the higher-order carrier-density-dependent recombination processes are much smaller. This allows the inversion level to build up to a much higher level during the pumping stage of Q switching.

Management of fractures of the humerus in patients who have an injury of the ipsilateral brachial plexus.

Twenty-one adults who had a fracture of the middle of the humeral shaft and an injury of the ipsilateral brachial plexus were followed for an average of twenty-eight months. Only two of these patients showed evidence of neurological improvement. Of the eleven patients who had an associated traumatic injury to the brain, eight were treated non-operatively and three, operatively.

Differential repair of UV damage in Saccharomyces cerevisiae is cell cycle dependent.

In the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae the transcriptionally active MAT alpha locus is repaired preferentially to the inactive HML alpha locus after UV irradiation. Here we analysed the repair of both loci after irradiating yeast cells at different stages of the mitotic cell cycle. In all stages repair of the active MAT alpha locus occurs at a rate of 30% removal of dimers per hour after a UV dose of 60 J/m2.

Changes in ambulation parameters in spinal cord injury individuals following rehabilitation.

The energy cost and gait parameters of 10 spinal cord injury patients (mean age = 21.7 +/- 2.3 years) were measured at discharge from initial rehabilitation and at 1 year follow-up.

Electromyographic analysis of brachioradialis to flexor pollicis longus tendon transfer in quadriplegia.

Electromyography was done in patients at the C6 level of quadriplegia after transfer of the brachioradialis to the flexor pollicis longus to restore lateral pinch and transfer of the posterior deltoid to the triceps to restore elbow extension. The relationship of the integrated electromyogram to pinch force during a graduated isometric contraction enabled characterization of the motor recruitment pattern. After tendon transfer, the pattern of the electromyographic response for the brachioradialis was the same as in the flexor pollicis longus in normal subjects, and the posterior deltoid after transfer to the triceps fired synergistically with the brachioradialis.

Transfer of the pronator teres tendon to the tendons of the flexor digitorum profundus in tetraplegia.

In eleven patients who had traumatic tetraplegia, the pronator teres tendon was transferred to the flexor digitorum profundus tendons to restore active flexion of the fingers. At the same time, in ten of these patients the tendon of the brachioradialis was transferred to the tendon of the flexor pollicis longus, and in the eleventh patient the brachioradialis tendon was transferred to the tendon of the flexor digitorum superficialis of the small finger, to restore pinch. The average time between injury and operation was thirty-four months.

The effect of the halovest and body position on pulmonary function in quadriplegia.

Pulmonary function (vital capacity) was measured in ten quadriplegics and ten normal subjects in the following situations: supine, sitting, supine with a halovest, and sitting with a halovest. When changing from the supine to sitting positions, vital capacity decreased in the quadriplegics and increased in normal subjects. The halovest significantly reduced the vital capacity in normal subjects, but had much less of a detrimental effect in quadriplegics.

Absence of responses to microstimulation at the hand-face border in baboon primary motor cortex.

Intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) was used to map the primary motor cortex of four adult female baboons, anesthetized with a mixture of halothane and nitrous oxide and supplemented with sodium pentobarbital. The sequence of observed muscle contractions in response to ICMS provided evidence of an orderly mototopic representation of the tongue, face, hand, forearm and upper body. A zone of cortex unresponsive to microstimulation was consistently observed at the border between the face and hand representation of the mototopic map.

Sapindaceae, cyanolipids, and bugs.

Scentless plant bugs (Heteroptera: Rhopalidae) are so named because adults of the Serinethinae have vestigial metathoracic scent glands. Serinethines are seed predators of Sapindales, especially Sapindaceae that produce toxic cyanolipids. In two serinethine species whose ranges extend into the southern United States,Jadera haematoloma andJ.

Topographic organization of baboon primary motor cortex: face, hand, forelimb, and shoulder representation.

(1) The fine details of the motor organization of the forelimb, face, and tongue representation of the baboon (Papio h. anubis) primary motor cortex were studied in four adult animals, using intracortical microstimulation (ICMS). (2) A total of 293 electrode penetrations were made.

DNA alkylations and mutation after exposure to ethyl methanesulphonate in mammalian cell lines routinely used in mutagenicity testing.

DNA ethylations were measured in four mammalian cell lines, Chinese hamster ovary CHO, mouse lymphoma L5178Y t k+/-, human lymphoblastoid TK6 and Chinese hamster V79, following exposure to [3H]ethyl methanesulphonate. Concurrent estimates of cytotoxicity and gene mutation were also carried out. Total DNA-binding and relative levels of ethylation at N-7 guanine (N-7G), O6 guanine (O6G) and N-3 adenine (N-3A) were essentially the same in all four cell lines.

Early development of SI cortical barrel subfield representation of forelimb in normal and deafferented neonatal rat as delineated by peroxidase conjugated lectin, peanut agglutinin (PNA).

Development of the barrel field representation of the forelimb in the primary somatosensory cortex (SI) was studied in normal and deafferented neonatal rat pups by means of the peroxidase conjugated lectin peanut agglutinin (PNA), which most likely binds to radial glial cells within barrel boundaries. 1. Alterations in lectin binding were seen in animals sacrificed on postnatal day 8 (PND-8) if deafferentation took place on PND-1 (day of birth) through PND-6.

Physiological properties and patterns of projection in the cortico-cortical connections from the second somatosensory cortex to the motor cortex, area 4 gamma, in the cat.

The physiological properties of neurons in the second somatosensory cortex (SII), and the pattern of projection of these neurons to area 4 gamma of the motor cortex in cat were studied by using single unit recording and collision techniques. Antidromically activated neurons were recorded along the anterior and posterior regions of the lateral bank of the anterior suprasylvian sulcus (ASSS) and from the middle part of the anterior ectosylvian gyrus (AESG) following weak intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) to area 4 gamma. Stimulation of the region around the activated neurons failed to produce muscle contraction or movement with currents of 30 microA or less.

Reimer-Tiemann adducts as potential insect antifeedant agents Reviewing the structure-activity relationship theory of the antifeedant, warburganal.

Structure-activity relationships of naturally occurring enedials with antifeedant activity againstSpodoptera species have been extended via the synthesis and bioassay of a series of Reimer-Tiemann adducts. The activities attributed to the different chemical structures of these and other analogs interacting with the chemoreceptor site have been observed; a three-pronged mode of substrate binding via aromatic pyrrole formation, Michael addition of free sulfhydryl moieties, and van der Waals interactions of the A ring has been postulated to account for these observations.

Determinants of gait performance following spinal cord injury.

Measurement of lower extremity muscle strength and the energy expenditure during walking was taken in 36 spinal cord injury patients to assess functional mobility. Patients were categorized according to the type of orthotic prescription (knee-ankle-foot orthosis [KAFO] or ankle-foot orthosis [AFO]) or upper extremity assistive device (cane, crutches, or walker) used during gait. The rates of O2 consumption per minute, O2 cost per meter, heart rate, respiratory quotient, velocity, cadence, and peak axial load exerted by the arms on upper extremity assistive devices were measured.

Studies on the ability of smoke from different types of cigarettes to induce DNA single-strand breaks in cultured human cells.

In this paper we report preliminary studies using alkaline elution to examine the incidence of DNA-strand breakage in human lung cells exposed to smoke/phosphate-buffered saline generated from cigarettes of different tar contents and filter status. The majority of the DNA breaks induced were abolished by catalase indicating a role for active oxygen species. The incidence of breaks did not correlate with the tar content of the cigarettes.

A nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) method for the determination of the cis/trans isomeric content of chlorprothixene.

Proton NMR spectroscopy was applied to the assignment of the isomeric identity of commercially available chlorprothixene. Nuclear Overhauser effect studies confirmed that the clinically useful isomer is the cis (Z) configuration. An NMR method for determining the isomeric content of chlorprothixene was developed based on integration of the ratio of areas of signal strength of the cis-N-methyl in comparison to the trans-N-methyl resonances.

Gunshot wounds to the spine associated with a perforated viscus.

The cases of 42 patients with low-velocity gunshot wounds to the spine with an associated perforated viscus were reviewed. All viscus perforations occurred prior to the spinal injury. There were a total of 51 perforations, including 14 of the colon, 15 of the small bowel, 15 of the stomach, five of the esophagus, and two of the pharynx.

The repair of identified large DNA adducts induced by 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide in normal or xeroderma pigmentosum group A human fibroblasts, and the role of DNA polymerases alpha or delta.

4-Nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4NQO) reacts with DNA primarily at the N2 and C8 of guanosine, with a small percent of reaction at the N6 of adenosine. In human cells it has been unclear whether or not all 4NQO-induced adducts are removed by a nucleotide excision repair mechanism. In this paper we demonstrate that the inhibitor of DNA polymerases alpha and delta, aphidicolin, blocks the repair of all 4NQO adducts.

On the natural enrichment of cadmium and molybdenum in the sediments of Ucluelet Inlet, British Columbia.

Cadmium concentrations in Ucluelet Inlet sediments are usually high compared with most marine environments, ranging up to 8 micrograms g-1. The distribution of the element is closely correlated with Mo, organic carbon and total nitrogen in depth profiles at three stations. Paradoxically, organic carbon concentrations are high in inlet sediments, reaching up to 9 wt.