Effectiveness of intermittent cash incentives to increase step counts.

Only 25% of adults meet both aerobic and strength training recommendations for physical activity. Contingency management interventions have been used to increase physical activity; however, they may be cost prohibitive. Intermittently provided incentives lower costs and are effective for various health behaviors.

Escalating schedules of incentives increase physical activity with no differences between deposit and no-deposit groups: A systematic replication.

Physical inactivity has increasingly affected public health in the United States during the COVID-19 pandemic as it is associated with chronic diseases such as arthritis, cancer, and heart disease. Contingency management has been shown to increase physical activity. Therefore, the present study sought to evaluate the effects of an escalating schedule of monetary reinforcement with a reset contingency on physical activity, as compared between 2 counterbalanced groups in which a monetary deposit of $25 was either required (deposit group) or not (no-deposit group).

In vitro and in vivo inhibition of malaria parasite infection by monoclonal antibodies against Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite protein (CSP).

Plasmodium falciparum malaria contributes to a significant global disease burden. Circumsporozoite protein (CSP), the most abundant sporozoite stage antigen, is a prime vaccine candidate. Inhibitory monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against CSP map to either a short junctional sequence or the central (NPNA) repeat region.

Goldspotted spinefoot Siganus punctatus (Siganidae) age-based reproductive life history and fisheries vulnerability.

Between February 2015 and 2016, samples of the Indo-Pacific goldspotted spinefoot Siganus punctatus were taken from local fish markets, feeding sites and nursery grounds on the main island of Pohnpei, Micronesia, to ascertain sexual pattern, reproductive seasonality, age, growth and mortality. Microscopic examinations of gonads identified two seasonal peaks in reproduction: February to May and September to December, with evidence of some spawning activity in most months. Ripe females were observed 4 days on either side of the new moon.

Behavioral factors predicting response to employment-based reinforcement of cocaine abstinence in methadone patients.

We sought to identify behavioral factors associated with response to an employment-based intervention, in which participants had to provide drug-free urine samples to gain access to paid employment. The present secondary analysis included data from a randomized clinical trial. The trial evaluated whether employment-based reinforcement could decrease cocaine use in community methadone patients.

Preliminary efficacy of prize-based contingency management to increase activity levels in healthy adults.

An estimated 30% of Americans meet the criteria for obesity. Effective, low-cost interventions to increase physical activity are needed to prevent and treat obesity. In this study, 11 healthy adults wore Fitbit accelerometers for 3 weeks.

What is the rate of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative infections in open fractures?

Background: There have been increasing reports of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections in the community, but it is unclear whether infectious organisms in open fracture infections have changed and if our current regimen of antibiotic prophylaxis is therefore obsolete.

Questions/purposes: We determined the recent incidence of MRSA and Gram-negative organism infections after open fractures.

Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study on 189 patients with 202 open fractures treated from 2009 to 2010.

Role of the Bering Strait on the hysteresis of the ocean conveyor belt circulation and glacial climate stability.

Abrupt climate transitions, known as Dansgaard-Oeschger and Heinrich events, occurred frequently during the last glacial period, specifically from 80-11 thousand years before present, but were nearly absent during interglacial periods and the early stages of glacial periods, when major ice-sheets were still forming. Here we show, with a fully coupled state-of-the-art climate model, that closing the Bering Strait and preventing its throughflow between the Pacific and Arctic Oceans during the glacial period can lead to the emergence of stronger hysteresis behavior of the ocean conveyor belt circulation to create conditions that are conducive to triggering abrupt climate transitions. Hence, it is argued that even for greenhouse warming, abrupt climate transitions similar to those in the last glacial time are unlikely to occur as the Bering Strait remains open.

The computational future for climate and Earth system models: on the path to petaflop and beyond.

The development of the climate and Earth system models has had a long history, starting with the building of individual atmospheric, ocean, sea ice, land vegetation, biogeochemical, glacial and ecological model components. The early researchers were much aware of the long-term goal of building the Earth system models that would go beyond what is usually included in the climate models by adding interactive biogeochemical interactions. In the early days, the progress was limited by computer capability, as well as by our knowledge of the physical and chemical processes.

Impact of glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide on age-induced bone loss.

Unlabelled: GIP is an important hormonal link between nutrition and bone formation. We show for the first time that BMSCs express functional GIP receptors, that expression decreases with aging, and that elevations in GIP can prevent age-associated bone loss.

Introduction: We previously showed that C57BL/6 mice lose bone mass as they age, particularly between 18 and 24 mo of age.

Identification of human-induced changes in atmospheric moisture content.

Data from the satellite-based Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) show that the total atmospheric moisture content over oceans has increased by 0.41 kg/m(2) per decade since 1988. Results from current climate models indicate that water vapor increases of this magnitude cannot be explained by climate noise alone.

Forced and unforced ocean temperature changes in Atlantic and Pacific tropical cyclogenesis regions.

Previous research has identified links between changes in sea surface temperature (SST) and hurricane intensity. We use climate models to study the possible causes of SST changes in Atlantic and Pacific tropical cyclogenesis regions. The observed SST increases in these regions range from 0.

The importance of land-cover change in simulating future climates.

Adding the effects of changes in land cover to the A2 and B1 transient climate simulations described in the Special Report on Emissions Scenarios (SRES) by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change leads to significantly different regional climates in 2100 as compared with climates resulting from atmospheric SRES forcings alone. Agricultural expansion in the A2 scenario results in significant additional warming over the Amazon and cooling of the upper air column and nearby oceans. These and other influences on the Hadley and monsoon circulations affect extratropical climates.

Trends in total knee replacement surgeries and implications for public health, 1990-2000.

Objectives: Total joint replacements are important surgical interventions for treating severe arthritis of weight-bearing joints. The most common indication for total knee replacement (TKR) is osteoarthritis of the knee joint. The goals of this study were to assess the trend in rate of TKR in Wisconsin and to describe the economic impact of these surgical procedures on the health care system.

Effect of subtle positioning flaws on measured bone mineral density of the hip.

Careful hip positioning is necessary for accurate and precise measurement of bone mineral density (BMD) by dualenergy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Large, intentional rotational deviations from best hip position reportedly increase measured BMD at the femoral neck. The aim of this study is to determine the effect of unintentional, subtle deviations from best hip position ("flaws") on expected and measured BMD of the hip and its subregions.

Penetration of human-induced warming into the world's oceans.

A warming signal has penetrated into the world's oceans over the past 40 years. The signal is complex, with a vertical structure that varies widely by ocean; it cannot be explained by natural internal climate variability or solar and volcanic forcing, but is well simulated by two anthropogenically forced climate models. We conclude that it is of human origin, a conclusion robust to observational sampling and model differences.

How much more global warming and sea level rise?

Two global coupled climate models show that even if the concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere had been stabilized in the year 2000, we are already committed to further global warming of about another half degree and an additional 320% sea level rise caused by thermal expansion by the end of the 21st century. Projected weakening of the meridional overturning circulation in the North Atlantic Ocean does not lead to a net cooling in Europe. At any given point in time, even if concentrations are stabilized, there is a commitment to future climate changes that will be greater than those we have already observed.

Atmospheric brown clouds: impacts on South Asian climate and hydrological cycle.

South Asian emissions of fossil fuel SO(2) and black carbon increased approximately 6-fold since 1930, resulting in large atmospheric concentrations of black carbon and other aerosols. This period also witnessed strong negative trends of surface solar radiation, surface evaporation, and summer monsoon rainfall. These changes over India were accompanied by an increase in atmospheric stability and a decrease in sea surface temperature gradients in the Northern Indian Ocean.

Collaborative/Participatory research.

Collaborative (or, participatory) research involves a working relationship between at least one academic institution's research unit and one community-based organization. The community-based organizations of interest are those from and representing underserved communities. Barriers to collaboration, approaches to overcoming such barriers, and principles for the maintenance of good collaborative research relations are given.

Contributions of anthropogenic and natural forcing to recent tropopause height changes.

Observations indicate that the height of the tropopause-the boundary between the stratosphere and troposphere-has increased by several hundred meters since 1979. Comparable increases are evident in climate model experiments. The latter show that human-induced changes in ozone and well-mixed greenhouse gases account for approximately 80% of the simulated rise in tropopause height over 1979-1999.

The effect of emotional stress on the primary humoral immunity of rats.

The effect of exposure to emotional stress on humoral immune function after injection with ovalbumin, a novel antigen, was studied in adult male Wistar rats. Emotional stress was induced by randomly giving empty water bottles to rats trained to drink water at set times. The results showed that emotional stress induced the decrease in spleen weight and specific immunoglobulin G antibody level to ovalbumin, and increased levels of epinephrine, norepinephrine and corticosterone.