Cranial and spinal nerve enhancement in SURF1-associated Leigh syndrome.

A 23-month-old boy with poor growth, developmental delay, and hypotonia presented with acute onset of ataxia and fatigue. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain and spinal cord was performed as part of diagnostic work-up. MRI showed bilateral symmetrical lesions in basal ganglia, midbrain, and brainstem consistent with Leigh syndrome.

Protocol for a meta-analysis of stereotype threat in African Americans.

Stereotype threat is a well-known construct in psychology wherein individuals who belong to a negatively stereotyped demographic group underperform on cognitive or academic tasks due to the detrimental effects of a stereotype. Many psychologists have suggested that stereotype threat may be one of the reasons that some demographic groups are underrepresented in advanced academic programs and STEM fields. However, others have raised concerns about the quality of the stereotype threat research, suggesting that its apparent effects are inflated and that the phenomenon may be an illusion of questionable research practices and publication bias.

Medical imaging in melioidosis - 20-year experience in a non-endemic Australian city.

Introduction: Melioidosis may occasionally be encountered in non-endemic areas and medical imaging is frequently used to identify and characterise sites of disease. The purpose of this study is to describe the spectrum of imaging findings encountered in melioidosis patients treated in the tertiary public hospitals of Perth, Western Australia, between 2002 and 2022.

Methods: A database search and electronic medical record review was used to identify cases.

Widespread haemorrhages in infants post-shunting (WHIPS): clinical features, risk factors and neuroimaging characteristics of a rare and under-recognised phenomenon.

Purpose: Infants undergoing CSF shunting procedures face a rare complication which we propose to rename "Widespread Haemorrhages in Infants Post-Shunting" (WHIPS) to better capture this unique phenomenon specific to infants undergoing CSF diversion. Our objective is to analyse the risk factors for WHIPS development and provide a detailed neuroradiological description of these haemorrhages.

Materials And Methods: A radiology information system (RIS) was searched using the search terms "shunt" and/or "catheter" and/or "drain" and/or "ventriculoperitoneal" and/or "VP" between September 2008 to January 2021 for patients < 12 months of age.

A novel small molecule inhibitor of CD73 triggers immune-mediated multiple myeloma cell death.

CD73 is the key ectoenzyme involved in the generation of AMP-derived adenosine, which contributes to immunosuppression in the MM BM milieu. Blocking CD73 activity with a potent, selective, orally bioavailable CD73 inhibitor ORIC-533 decreases adenosine generation, overcomes immune suppression, and restores immune cell-mediated MM cell lysis. Based on these preclinical studies, a multi-center clinical trial of ORIC-533 has been initiated in patients with relapsed refractory MM (NCT05227144).

Cross-species gut microbiota transplantation predictably affects host heat tolerance.

The gut microbiome is known to influence and have regulatory effects in diverse physiological functions of host animals, but only recently has the relationship between host thermal biology and gut microbiota been explored. Here, we examined how early-life manipulations of the gut microbiota in larval amphibians influenced their critical thermal maximum (CTmax) at different acclimation temperatures. We stripped the resident microbiome from egg masses of wild-caught wood frogs (Lithobates sylvaticus) via an antibiotic wash, and then inoculated the eggs with pond water (control), no inoculation, or the intestinal microbiota of another species that has a wider thermal tolerance - green frogs (Lithobates clamitans).

Neuroimaging manifestations of paediatric histiocytoses.

Histiocytoses are rare multi-system disorders marked by abnormal histiocyte cell proliferation, affecting children with diverse clinical presentations. Classified into five groups in 2016, including Langerhans-related (L), cutaneous (C), malignant (M), Rosai-Dorfman disease (R) and haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (H), newer entities such as ALK-positive histiocytosis have also emerged, heralding the era of molecular (sub)classification. Common entities include Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH), Erdheim-Chester disease (ECD), Rosai-Dorfman disease (RDD) and haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH).

Diet- and salinity-induced modifications of the gut microbiota are associated with differential physiological responses to ranavirus infection in .

Greater knowledge of how host-microbiome interactions vary with anthropogenic environmental change and influence pathogenic infections is needed to better understand stress-mediated disease outcomes. We investigated how increasing salinization in freshwaters (e.g.

Ranavirus infection does not reduce heat tolerance in a larval amphibian.

Extreme heat events and emerging infectious diseases negatively impact wildlife populations, but the interacting effects of infection and host heat tolerance remain understudied. The few studies covering this subject have demonstrated that pathogens lower the heat tolerance of their hosts, which places infected hosts at a greater risk experiencing lethal heat stress. Here, we studied how ranavirus infection influenced heat tolerance in larval wood frogs (Lithobates sylvaticus).

Heat hardening of a larval amphibian is dependent on acclimation period and temperature.

Plasticity in heat tolerance provides ectotherms the ability to reduce overheating risk during thermal extremes. However, the tolerance-plasticity trade-off hypothesis states that individuals acclimated to warmer environments have a reduced plastic response, including hardening, limiting their ability to further adjust their thermal tolerance. Heat hardening describes the short-term increase in heat tolerance following a heat shock that remains understudied in larval amphibians.

Diffuse paediatric cerebellar glioma: two identical imaging phenotypes of an extremely rare entity with disparate pathology.

Although the posterior fossa is a common location for paediatric brain tumours [1], diffuse glioma isolated to the cerebellum is an extremely rare imaging entity. Only two cases of isolated diffuse paediatric cerebellar glioma have been reported in the English language to the best of our knowledge [2, 3], and only one of these cases had a similar imaging phenotype to our cases [3]. Although somewhat similar to Lhermitte-Duclos (dysplastic gangliocytoma of the cerebellum), the appearances are distinct from other neoplastic entities of the paediatric posterior fossa.

Magnetic resonance imaging patterns of paediatric brain infections: a pictorial review based on the Western Australian experience.

Paediatric brain infections are relatively uncommon, but it is important for radiologists to recognise the disease and provide accurate differential diagnoses. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) plays an important role in determining the most likely causative pathogen-either in the setting of an unwell child with acute infectious encephalitis, or in the evaluation of a child for sequela of prior infection. Image analysis can, however, be difficult since a particular pathogen can cause variable MRI findings across different geographic environments, and conversely, a particular appearance on MRI may be caused by a variety of pathogens.

Factor structure of intelligence and divergent thinking subtests: A registered report.

Psychologists have investigated creativity for 70 years, and it is now seen as being an important construct, both scientifically and because of its practical value to society. However, several fundamental unresolved problems persist, including a suitable definition of creativity and the ability of psychometric tests to measure divergent thinking-an important component of creativity-in a way that aligns with theory. It is this latter point that this registered report is designed to address.

Myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated bilateral optic neuritis with unilateral prepapillary vitreous hemorrhage.

We present a case of bilateral myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody optic neuritis (MOG-ON) with unilateral vitreous hemorrhage in a 6-year-old boy. Multidisciplinary team care, including extensive investigations and prolonged follow-up, excluded alternative causes of vitreous hemorrhage. Early suspicion and diagnosis of MOG-ON led to timely intravenous methylprednisolone treatment, with protracted oral steroid taper, resulting in complete resolution of optic nerve swelling, vitreous hemorrhage, and visual function.

Captivity and Animal Microbiomes: Potential Roles of Microbiota for Influencing Animal Conservation.

During the ongoing biodiversity crisis, captive conservation and breeding programs offer a refuge for species to persist and provide source populations for reintroduction efforts. Unfortunately, captive animals are at a higher disease risk and reintroduction efforts remain largely unsuccessful. One potential factor in these outcomes is the host microbiota which includes a large diversity and abundance of bacteria, fungi, and viruses that play an essential role in host physiology.

Hirayama disease: the importance of flexion imaging.

Hirayama disease is a rare cervical myelopathy characterised by asymmetrical upper limb weakness and muscle atrophy in the forearm and hand. MRI of the cervical spine plays an essential role in diagnosis, however, the characteristic findings are often only seen when the patient is imaged with the neck in flexion. We present a case of a 15-year-old male who presented with left forearm and hand weakness with muscle wasting.

Experimental inoculation trial to determine the effects of temperature and humidity on White-nose Syndrome in hibernating bats.

Disease results from interactions among the host, pathogen, and environment. Inoculation trials can quantify interactions among these players and explain aspects of disease ecology to inform management in variable and dynamic natural environments. White-nose Syndrome, a disease caused by the fungal pathogen, Pseudogymnoascus destructans (Pd), has caused severe population declines of several bat species in North America.

Microbiome mediation of animal life histories via metabolites and insulin-like signalling.

The regulatory pathways by which gut microbiota potentially shape host life histories remain largely untested, however, a constellation of research suggests that gut bacteria likely have significant effects on their hosts via metabolites. In this article we review known and hypothesized pathways by which gut microbiota influence host life histories through interfacing with the neuroendocrine system, with a focus on the insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signalling pathway. Bacterially derived metabolites including short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), polyamines, and peptides likely impact host life histories as metabolic substrates, essential nutrients, and via molecular signalling with well-studied neuroendocrine pathways.

Heterothermy as a mechanism to offset energetic costs of environmental and homeostatic perturbations.

Environmental and biotic pressures impose homeostatic costs on all organisms. The energetic costs of maintaining high body temperatures (T) render endotherms sensitive to pressures that increase foraging costs. In response, some mammals become more heterothermic to conserve energy.

Taxonomy, not locality, influences the cloacal microbiota of two nearctic colubrids: a preliminary analysis.

Background: The gut microbiota is an emerging frontier in wildlife research and its importance to vertebrate health and physiology is becoming ever more apparent. Reptiles, in particular snakes, have not received the same attention given to other vertebrates and the composition of their wild gut microbiome remains understudied. The primary goal of this work was to describe the cloacal microbiota of two Colubrids, the Eastern Gartersnake (Thamnophis sirtalis sirtalis) and the Northern Watersnake (Nerodia sipedon sipedon), and if their cloacal microbiota differed as well as if it did between a wetland and upland population of the former species.