A Meta-analysis of the Effect of Probiotic sp. as Immunomodulating Inflammatory Responses.

sp. is considered an indispensable probiotic, and this probiotic has an effective role in maintaining the immune system. We evaluated the effect of the probiotic sp.

Nasopharyngeal carriage rate, serotype distribution, and antimicrobial profiles of Streptococcus pneumoniae among patients with acute respiratory tract infection in Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia.

We studied the carriage rate, distribution of serotype, and antimicrobial profile of () among patients with acute respiratory tract infections (ARTI) in two primary health centres and a tertiary referral hospital from 2019 to 2020 in Manado, North Sulawesi, Indonesia before 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) introduction. A total of 106 nasopharyngeal swab samples were collected from children and adult patients. Serotyping of strain was performed by sequential multiplex PCR and Quellung reaction.