Mulberry leaf ameliorate STZ induced diabetic rat by regulating hepatic glycometabolism and fatty acid β-oxidation.

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a metabolic disorder marked by disruptions in glucolipid metabolism, with numerous signaling pathways contributing to its progression. The liver, as the hub of glycolipid metabolism, plays a pivotal role in this context. Mulberry leaf (ML), a staple in traditional Chinese medicine, is widely utilized in the clinical management of T2D.

The Role of Short Chain Fatty Acids in Inflammation and Body Health.

Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs), mainly including acetate, propionate and butyrate, are produced by intestinal bacteria during the fermentation of partially digested and indigestible polysaccharides. SCFAs play an important role in regulating intestinal energy metabolism and maintaining the homeostasis of the intestinal environment and also play an important regulatory role in organs and tissues outside the gut. In recent years, many studies have shown that SCFAs can regulate inflammation and affect host health, and two main signaling mechanisms have also been identified: the activation of G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs) and inhibition of histone deacetylase (HDAC).

Xiasangju alleviate metabolic syndrome by enhancing noradrenaline biosynthesis and activating brown adipose tissue.

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a clinical condition associated with multiple metabolic risk factors leading to type 2 diabetes mellitus and other metabolic diseases. Recent evidence suggests that modulating adipose tissue to adaptive thermogenesis may offer therapeutic potential for MetS. Xiasangju (XSJ) is a marketed drug and dietary supplement used for the treatment of metabolic disease with anti-inflammatory activity.

Bioactive Alkaloids as Secondary Metabolites from Plant Endophytic Genus.

Alkaloids represent a large family of natural products with diverse structures and bioactivities. These compounds and their derivatives have been widely used in clinics to treat various diseases. The endophytic is a filamentous fungus renowned for its extraordinary ability to produce active natural products of high therapeutic value and economic importance.

Mulberry leaf flavonoids activate BAT and induce browning of WAT to improve type 2 diabetes via regulating the AMPK/SIRT1/PGC-1α signaling pathway.

Mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaf is a well-established traditional Chinese botanical and culinary resource. It has found widespread application in the management of diabetes.

Identifying potential therapeutic targets of mulberry leaf extract for the treatment of type 2 diabetes: a TMT-based quantitative proteomic analysis.

Background: Mulberry (Morus alba L.) leaf, as a medicinal and food homologous traditional Chinese medicine, has a clear therapeutic effect on type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), yet its underlying mechanisms have not been totally clarified. The study aimed to explore the mechanism of mulberry leaf in the treatment of T2DM through tandem mass tag (TMT)-based quantitative proteomics analysis of skeletal muscle.

The relationship between gut microbiota and susceptibility to type 2 diabetes mellitus in rats.

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between the susceptibility to type 2 diabetes and gut microbiota in rats and to explore the potential mechanism involved.

Methods: Thirty-two SPF-grade SD rats were raised as donor rats, and divided into control, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM, fasting blood glucose ≥ 11.1 mmol/L), and Non-T2DM (fasting blood glucose < 11.

Anti-Alzheimer's Natural Products Derived from Plant Endophytic Fungi.

Alzheimer's is the most common cause of dementia worldwide and seriously affects patients' daily tasks. Plant endophytic fungi are known for providing novel and unique secondary metabolites with diverse activities. This review focuses primarily on the published research regarding anti-Alzheimer's natural products derived from endophytic fungi between 2002 and 2022.

Mulberry Leaf Flavonoids Inhibit Liver Inflammation in Type 2 Diabetes Rats by Regulating TLR4/MyD88/NF-B Signaling Pathway.

The incidence of liver-related complications in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is rapidly increasing, which affects the physical and mental health of T2DM patients. Mulberry leaf flavonoids (MLF) were confirmed to have certain effects on lowering blood glucose and anti-inflammation. In this study, the high-fat diet (HFD) + STZ method was used to establish T2DM rat model and the MLF was administered by gavage for eight weeks.

Rutin-activated adipose tissue thermogenesis is correlated with increased intestinal short-chain fatty acid levels.

The activation of thermogenic programs in brown adipose tissue (BAT) and white adipose tissue (WAT) provides a promising approach to increasing energy expenditure during obesity and diabetes treatment. Although evidence has been found that rutin activates BAT against obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), its potential mechanism is not completely understood. In this study, we focused on the potential modulating effect of rutin on short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and the thermogenesis of BAT and WAT, aiming to elucidate the molecular mechanism of rutin in the treatment of obesity and T2DM.

Qingwei San treats oral ulcer subjected to stomach heat syndrome in db/db mice by targeting TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB pathway.

Background: Qingwei San (QWS), one of classic Chinese Medicine prescripts, has been widely used to treat stomach heat syndrome which manifests oral ulcer (OU), periodontitis and upper gastrointestinal bleeding for seven hundred years. However, the therapeutic effects of QWS on diabetic OU subjected to stomach heat syndrome are still ambiguous. In the study, we investigated the pharmacological mechanisms.

[The microanatomic study of the endoscope-assisted far-lateral retro-condylar approach to the jugular foramen region].

Objective: To explore the possibility of far-lateral retro-condylar approach in an attempt to apply endoscope.

Method: For anatomical information, the microneurosurgical anatomical dissection, observation and measurement had been performed under microscope and endoscope by mimicking the far-lateral retro-condylar approach on 10 adult cadaver heads and 10 adult dry skulls.

Result: The complex relationship exists between the osseous jugular foramen and its adjacent structures.