Prevention and detoxification of patulin in apple and its products: A review.

Patulin-producing fungi pose an unavoidable problem for apple and its product quality, thereby threatening human and/or animal health. Studies on controlling the patulin-producing fungal growth and patulin contamination in apple and its products by physical methods, chemical fungicides, and biological methods have been performed for decades, but patulin contamination has not been addressed. Here, the important of studying regulation mechanism of patulin production in apple at the protein expression and metabolism levels is proposed, which will facilitate the development of controlling patulin production by using physical, chemical, and biological methods.