RvD1 improves resident alveolar macrophage self-renewal via the ALX/MAPK14/S100A8/A9 pathway in acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Introduction: Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a pulmonary inflammatory process primarily caused by sepsis. The resolution of inflammation is an active process involving the endogenous biosynthesis of specialized pro-resolving mediators, including resolvin D1 (RvD1). Resident alveolar macrophages (RAMs) maintain pulmonary homeostasis and play a key role in the resolution phase.

The safety and efficacy of remimazolam tosylate for induction and maintenance of general anesthesia in pediatric patients undergoing elective surgery: Study protocol for a multicenter, randomized, single-blind, positive-controlled clinical trial.

Remimazolam is an ultra-short-acting benzodiazepine sedative agent commonly used in general anesthesia, procedural sedation, and intensive care unit (ICU) sedation. This study aimed to explore the efficacy and safety of remimazolam versus propofol for the induction and maintenance of general anesthesia in preschool-age children undergoing elective surgery. In this multicenter, randomized, single-blind, positive-controlled non-inferior clinical trial, one hundred ninety-two children aged 3-6 years will be randomly allocated as a 3:1 ratio into two groups: Group R with an intravenous dose of remimazolam 0.

Modified paediatric preoperative risk prediction score to predict postoperative ICU admission in children: a retrospective cohort study.

Objective: To integrate intrinsic surgical risk into the paediatric preoperative risk prediction score (PRPS) model to construct a more comprehensive risk scoring system (modified PRPS) and improve the prediction accuracy of postoperative intensive care unit (ICU) admission in paediatric patients.

Design: This was a retrospective study conducted between 1 January and 30 December 2016. Data on age, American Society of Anaesthesiology physical status (ASA-PS), oxygen saturation, prematurity, non-fasted status, severity of surgery and immediate transfer to the ICU after surgery were collected.

Warming efficacy of Ranger™ and FT2800 fluid warmer under different room temperatures and flow rates.

The comparison of the heating capabilities with different warming system between 3M™ Ranger™ warmer (3M) and FT2800 fluid warmer (FT) under different room temperatures and infusion rates, has been rarely reported previously. The study was then aimed to compare the warming efficacies of dry heat technology (3M) and coaxial warming system (FT) under different room temperatures and infusion rates, the advantages and disadvantages of both infusion systems would be compared to provide reference for clinical infusion practice. In the study, both target warming temperatures of 3M and FT warmer were set at 41 °C, fluid was administrated under 20, 22 and 24 °C room temperatures and drip rates of 60, 80, 100, 120, 140, 160, 200, 350 drops min.

Analyzing Electroencephalography (EEG) Waves Provides a Reliable Tool to Assess the Depth of Sevoflurane Anesthesia in Pediatric Patients.

BACKGROUND Studies have reported that BIS is unreliable in children because its algorithm provides misleading information about the actual depth of anesthesia. Raw EEG analysis provides direct neurophysiologic measurement of cerebral activity. The relationship between age and EEG has rarely been reported, thus the aim of the present study was to compare raw electroencephalography (EEG) among different age groups of surgical patients under general anesthesia with 1.

Dorsal Penile Nerve Block via Perineal Approach, an Alternative to a Caudal Block for Pediatric Circumcision: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

Background: General anesthesia combining with a caudal block (CB) has been commonly performed in pediatric patients undergoing circumcision surgeries. However, some severe complications have been suspected of a caudal block in the combined use. To avoid these issues of a caudal block, this study introduces a novel dorsal penile nerve block (DPNB) via perineum guided by ultrasound as an alternative to a caudal block in pediatric circumcision surgeries.

Intravenous dexmedetomidine pre-medication reduces the required minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane for smooth tracheal extubation in anesthetized children: a randomized clinical trial.

Background: It has been known that Dexmedetomidine pre-medication enhances the effects of volatile anesthetics, reduces the need of sevoflurane, and facilitates smooth extubation in anesthetized children. This present study was designed to determine the effects of different doses of intravenous dexmedetomidine pre-medication on minimum alveolar concentration of sevoflurane for smooth tracheal extubation (MAC) in anesthetized children.

Methods: A total of seventy-five pediatric patients, aged 3-7 years, ASA physical status I and II, and undergoing tonsillectomy were randomized to receive intravenous saline (Group D), dexmedetomidine 1 μg∙kg (Group D), or dexmedetomidine 2 μg∙kg (Group D) approximately 10 min before anesthesia start.

The efficacy and safety of mivacurium in pediatric patients.

Background: Mivacurium is the shortest acting nondepolarizing muscle relaxant currently available; however, the effect of different dosages and injection times of intravenous mivacurium administration in children of different ages has rarely been reported. This study was aimed to evaluate the muscle relaxant effects and safety of different mivacurium dosages administered over different injection times in pediatric patients.

Methods: Six hundred forty cases of pediatric patients, aged 2 m-14 years, ASA I or II, were divided into four groups (Groups A, B, C, D) according to the age class (2-12 m, 13-35 m, 3-6 years and 7-14 years) respectively, also each group were divided into four subgroups by induction dose (0.

Tracheal extubation in deeply anesthetized pediatric patients after tonsillectomy: a comparison of high-concentration sevoflurane alone and low-concentration sevoflurane in combination with dexmedetomidine pre-medication.

Background: Dexmedetomidine can facilitate a smooth extubation process and reduce the requirement of sevoflurane and emergence agitation when administrated perioperatively. We aimed to observe the extubation process and the recovery characteristics in pediatric patients undergoing tonsillectomy while anesthetized with either high-concentration sevoflurane alone or low-concentration sevoflurane combined with pre-medication of single dose of intravenous dexmedetomidine.

Methods: Seventy-five patients (ASA I or II, aged 3-7 years) undergoing tonsillectomy were randomized into three equal groups: to receive intravenous saline (Group D0), dexmedetomidine 1 μg/kg (Group D1), or dexmedetomidine 2 μg/kg (Group D2) approximately 10 min before anesthesia.

Pediatric preoperative risk factors to predict postoperative ICU admission and death from a multicenter retrospective study.

Background: Although some studies have investigated the potential predictors of perioperative mortality, there are few specifically for pediatrics.

Objective: The aim of the retrospective study was to analyze potential preoperative risk factors and to develop a pediatric preoperative risk prediction score (PRPS), and to predict postoperative ICU admission and the incidence of perioperative death in pediatric patients.

Methods: Patients who postoperatively admitted to ICU or died (occurred within 30 days after the surgery) from 263 607 pediatric surgical patients with age from 1 day to 14 years old in eight centers in China from October 2010 to September 2013 were retrospectively analyzed.

The effect of clopidogrel on pharmacokinetics of ivabradine and its metabolite in rats.

The present study aimed to investigate the effect of clopidogrel (CLO) on pharmacokinetics of ivabradine (IVA) and its metabolite in rats and develop a reliable method to determine IVA and its metabolite N-demethyl ivabradine in serum. Healthy male SD rats were randomized to be given 0.8 mg/kg IVA or IVA combined with 8 mg/kg CLO.

The effect of propofol on intrathecal morphine-induced pruritus and its mechanism.

Background: Previous studies have shown that a low dose of propofol IV bolus had a beneficial effect on intrathecal morphine-induced pruritus in humans. However, its exact mechanism has not been fully understood. In this study, we hypothesized that propofol relieved intrathecal morphine-induced pruritus in rats by upregulating the expression of cannabinoid-1 (CB[1]) receptors in anterior cingulate cortex (ACC).

Clinical pharmacology of cisatracurium during nitrous oxide-propofol anesthesia in children.

Study Objective: To describe, in pediatric patients, the effects of three doses of cisatracurium during nitrous oxide-propofol anesthesia and to determine if larger doses result in faster onset time.

Setting: College hospital.

Subjects: 75 ASA physical status I and II children, aged 15 to 60 months, undergoing surgery for hypospadias or undescendent testis.