Detecting visually significant cataract using retinal photograph-based deep learning.

Age-related cataracts are the leading cause of visual impairment among older adults. Many significant cases remain undiagnosed or neglected in communities, due to limited availability or accessibility to cataract screening. In the present study, we report the development and validation of a retinal photograph-based, deep-learning algorithm for automated detection of visually significant cataracts, using more than 25,000 images from population-based studies.

Gene Set Enrichment Analsyes Identify Pathways Involved in Genetic Risk for Diabetic Retinopathy.

Unlabelled: To identify functionally related genes associated with diabetic retinopathy (DR) risk using gene set enrichment analyses applied to genome-wide association study meta-analyses.

Methods: We analyzed DR GWAS meta-analyses performed on 3246 Europeans and 2611 African Americans with type 2 diabetes. Gene sets relevant to 5 key DR pathophysiology processes were investigated: tissue injury, vascular events, metabolic events and glial dysregulation, neuronal dysfunction, and inflammation.

Referral for disease-related visual impairment using retinal photograph-based deep learning: a proof-of-concept, model development study.

Background: In current approaches to vision screening in the community, a simple and efficient process is needed to identify individuals who should be referred to tertiary eye care centres for vision loss related to eye diseases. The emergence of deep learning technology offers new opportunities to revolutionise this clinical referral pathway. We aimed to assess the performance of a newly developed deep learning algorithm for detection of disease-related visual impairment.

Common variants in SOX-2 and congenital cataract genes contribute to age-related nuclear cataract.

Nuclear cataract is the most common type of age-related cataract and a leading cause of blindness worldwide. Age-related nuclear cataract is heritable (h = 0.48), but little is known about specific genetic factors underlying this condition.

Association of Cataract Surgery With Risk of Diabetic Retinopathy Among Asian Participants in the Singapore Epidemiology of Eye Diseases Study.

Importance: Cataracts and diabetic retinopathy (DR) are the leading causes of acquired blindness worldwide. Although extraction is the standard treatment option for cataracts, it is also reported to increase the risk of developing DR among individuals with diabetes. Nevertheless, the association between cataract surgery and risk of DR is still not well understood, and there have been no prior population-based reports in this area.

Exploring Factors Underlying Ethnic Difference in Age-related Macular Degeneration Prevalence.

Aims: To assess contributions of dietary and genetic factors to ethnic differences in AMD prevalence.

Design: Population-based analytical study.

Methods: In the Blue Mountains Eye Study, Australia (European ancestry n = 2826) and Multi-Ethnic Cohort Study, Singapore (Asian ancestry, n = 1900), AMD was assessed from retinal photographs.

Six-Year Changes in Myopic Macular Degeneration in Adults of the Singapore Epidemiology of Eye Diseases Study.

Purpose: To examine the 6-year incidence, progression, associated risk factors, and impact of myopic macular degeneration (MMD) in a myopic population in Singapore.

Methods: We examined myopic (spherical equivalent ≤-0.5 diopters) adults (N = 2157 persons and 3661 eyes) who were phakic at baseline and participated in both baseline and 6-year follow-up visits of the Singapore Epidemiology of Eye Diseases study.

Incidence, progression and risk factors of age-related cataract in Malays: The Singapore Malay Eye Study.

Importance: Long-term data on age-related cataract, a leading cause of blindness and visual impairment, is scarce in Asian populations.

Background: We report the 6-year incidence and progression of age-related cataract and associated risk factors in Malay adults living in Singapore.

Design: Population-based cohort study.

A Deep Learning Model for Segmentation of Geographic Atrophy to Study Its Long-Term Natural History.

Purpose: To develop and validate a deep learning model for the automatic segmentation of geographic atrophy (GA) using color fundus images (CFIs) and its application to study the growth rate of GA.

Design: Prospective, multicenter, natural history study with up to 15 years of follow-up.

Participants: Four hundred nine CFIs of 238 eyes with GA from the Rotterdam Study (RS) and Blue Mountain Eye Study (BMES) for model development, and 3589 CFIs of 376 eyes from the Age-Related Eye Disease Study (AREDS) for analysis of GA growth rate.

Wholegrain and legume consumption and the 5-year incidence of age-related cataract in the Blue Mountains Eye Study.

The present study aims to investigate the effect of wholegrain and legume consumption on the incidence of age-related cataract in an older Australian population-based cohort. The Blue Mountains Eye Study (BMES) is a population-based cohort study of eye diseases among older adults aged 49 years or older (1992-1994, n 3654). Of 2334 participants of the second examination of the BMES (BMES 2, 1997-2000), 1541 (78·3 % of survivors) were examined 5 years later (BMES 3) who had wholegrain and legume consumption estimated from the FFQ at BMES 2.

Correction: Genetic variants linked to myopic macular degeneration in persons with high myopia: CREAM Consortium.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.

Genetic variants linked to myopic macular degeneration in persons with high myopia: CREAM Consortium.

Purpose: To evaluate the roles of known myopia-associated genetic variants for development of myopic macular degeneration (MMD) in individuals with high myopia (HM), using case-control studies from the Consortium of Refractive Error and Myopia (CREAM).

Methods: A candidate gene approach tested 50 myopia-associated loci for association with HM and MMD, using meta-analyses of case-control studies comprising subjects of European and Asian ancestry aged 30 to 80 years from 10 studies. Fifty loci with the strongest associations with myopia were chosen from a previous published GWAS study.

Evaluating the associations between obesity and age-related cataract: a Mendelian randomization study.

Background: The obesity-cataract association has been inconsistently reported. The fat mass and obesity-related (FTO) single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs9939609 is a major SNP associated with obesity and has been used as an instrumental variable for obesity in a Mendelian randomization (MR) approach. An interaction between the FTO SNP and macronutrient intake for obesity was suggested previously.

Systemic medications and cortical cataract: the Singapore Epidemiology of Eye Diseases Study.

Background/aims: To evaluate the association between systemic medications and cortical cataract prevalence in an Asian population.

Methods: The Singapore Epidemiology of Eye Diseases Study recruited 10 033 Chinese, Malay and Indian residents aged 40+ years living in Singapore. Information on medication use was collected at interview using questionnaires.

The Combination of Healthy Diet and Healthy Body Weight Is Associated with Lower Risk of Nuclear Cataract in the Blue Mountains Eye Study.

Background: Greater adherence to dietary guidelines has previously been found to be associated with decreased risk of visual impairment. However, whether or not this association extends to age-related cataract, 1 of the leading causes of visual impairment, is unknown.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the association between adherence to dietary guidelines, using total diet score, and incidence of age-related cataract.

Associations of Peripapillary Atrophy and Fundus Tessellation with Diabetic Retinopathy.

Purpose: There is a limited understanding of ocular risk factors for diabetic retinopathy (DR). Our aim therefore was to determine the relationship of 2 retinal signs related to axial myopia (peripapillary atrophy [PPA] and fundus tessellation) with DR.

Design: Cross-sectional study.

Joint Contribution of Genetic Susceptibility and Modifiable Factors to the Progression of Age-Related Macular Degeneration over 10 Years: The Three Continent AMD Consortium Report.

Purpose: To assess joint effects of genetic and modifiable factors on the 10-year progression of age-related macular degeneration (AMD).

Design: Individual and pooled data analyses of 2 population-based cohorts.

Participants: Blue Mountains Eye Study (BMES) and Rotterdam Study (RS) participants (n = 835).

Six-year incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy in Indian adults: the Singapore Indian Eye study.

Aims: Diabetes is a major public health problem in migrants and ethnic minorities worldwide. We determined the incidence and risk factors of diabetic retinopathy (DR) in migrant Indians living in Singapore.

Methods: We included data from 759 Indian adults with diabetes, who participated in the baseline (aged 40-80 years, 2007-2009) and 6-year follow-up 2012-2015 of the Singapore Indian Eye Study.

Multiethnic Genome-Wide Association Study of Diabetic Retinopathy Using Liability Threshold Modeling of Duration of Diabetes and Glycemic Control.

To identify genetic variants associated with diabetic retinopathy (DR), we performed a large multiethnic genome-wide association study. Discovery included eight European cohorts ( = 3,246) and seven African American cohorts ( = 2,611). We meta-analyzed across cohorts using inverse-variance weighting, with and without liability threshold modeling of glycemic control and duration of diabetes.

Beyond vision loss: the independent impact of diabetic retinopathy on vision-related quality of life in a Chinese Singaporean population.

Background/aims: To assess the independent impact of diabetic retinopathy (DR) on three domains of vision-related quality of life (VRQoL) in a Chinese Singapore population.

Methods: The Singapore Chinese Eye Study (n=3353; 2009-2011) was a population-based, prospective, cross-sectional study conducted at the Singapore Eye Research Institute. The study population included 292 adults with diabetes, with and without DR.