Whole-genome sequencing reveals transmission pattern and drug resistance of intra- or inter-hosts.

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) remains a serious global public health problem. The (MTB) is responsible for approximately 10 million new TB cases globally each year. This study aimed to investigate transmission pattern and drug resistance of MTB in Shenzhen, China.

Evolution of Plant Genome Size and Composition.

The rapid development of sequencing technology has led to an explosion of plant genome data, opening up more opportunities for research in the field of comparative evolutionary analysis of plant genomes. In this review, we focus on changes in plant genome size and composition, examining the effects of polyploidy, whole-genome duplication, and alternations in transposable elements on plant genome architecture and evolution, respectively. In addition, to address gaps in the available information, we also collected and analyzed 234 representative plant genome data as a supplement.

Deep Amplicon Sequencing Reveals Culture Selection of Mycobacterium Tuberculosis by Clinical Samples.

The commonly-used drug susceptibility testing (DST) relies on bacterial culture and faces shortcomings such as long turnaround time and clone/subclone selection. We developed a targeted deep amplification sequencing (DAS) method directly applied to clinical specimens. In this DAS panel, we examined 941 drug-resistant mutations associated with 20 anti-tuberculosis drugs with an initial amount of 4 pg DNA and reduced clinical testing time from 20 days to two days.

A tool to automatically design multiplex PCR primer pairs for specific targets using diverse templates.

Multiplex PCR is an increasingly popular method for identifying species, investigating environmental diversity, and conducting phylogenetic analysis. The complexity and increasing availability of diverse templates necessitate a highly automated approach to design degenerate primer pairs for specific targets with multiple sequences. Existing tools for degenerate primer design suffer from poor maintenance, semi-automation, low adaptability, and low tolerance for gaps.

The wild allotetraploid sesame genome provides novel insights into evolution and lignan biosynthesis.

Introduction: The wild tetraploid sesame (Sesamum schinzianum), an ancestral relative of diploid cultivated sesame, grows in the tropical desert of the African Plateau. As a valuable seed resource, wild sesame has several advantageous traits, such as strong environmental adaptability and an extremely high content of sesamolin in its seeds. High-quality genome assembly is essential for a detailed understanding of genome structure, genome evolution and crop improvement.

A Chromosome-level Genome Assembly of Wild Castor Provides New Insights into its Adaptive Evolution in Tropical Desert.

Wild castor grows in the high-altitude tropical desert of the African Plateau, a region known for high ultraviolet radiation, strong light, and extremely dry condition. To investigate the potential genetic basis of adaptation to both highland and tropical deserts, we generated a chromosome-level genome sequence assembly of the wild castor accession WT05, with a genome size of 316 Mb, a scaffold N50 of 31.93 Mb, and a contig N50 of 8.

Sequencing of Chinese castor lines reveals genetic signatures of selection and yield-associated loci.

Oil produced by castor (Ricinus communis) has broad industrial applications. However, knowledge on the genetic diversity, especially genetic alterations that occurred during domestication and subsequent traits selection, of this oil crop is limited. Here, our population genomics analyses show that the Chinese castors have developed a geographic pattern, classified into the southern-, the middle-, and the northern-China groups.

RGAAT: A Reference-based Genome Assembly and Annotation Tool for New Genomes and Upgrade of Known Genomes.

The rapid development of high-throughput sequencing technologies has led to a dramatic decrease in the money and time required for de novo genome sequencing or genome resequencing projects, with new genome sequences constantly released every week. Among such projects, the plethora of updated genome assemblies induces the requirement of version-dependent annotation files and other compatible public dataset for downstream analysis. To handle these tasks in an efficient manner, we developed the reference-based genome assembly and annotation tool (RGAAT), a flexible toolkit for resequencing-based consensus building and annotation update.

REDO: RNA Editing Detection in Plant Organelles Based on Variant Calling Results.

RNA editing is a post-transcriptional or cotranscriptional process that changes the sequence of the precursor transcript by substitutions, insertions, or deletions. Almost all of the land plants undergo RNA editing in organelles (plastids and mitochondria). Although several software tools have been developed to identify RNA editing events, there has been a great challenge to distinguish true RNA editing events from genome variation, sequencing errors, and other factors.

: An Online Date Palm Genomic Resource Database.

Date palm ( L.) is a cultivated woody plant with agricultural and economic importance in many countries around the world. With the advantages of next generation sequencing technologies, genome sequences for many date palm cultivars have been released recently.

MicroRNA Expression in Multistage Date Fruit Development.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small endogenous noncoding RNAs. Plant miRNAs are known to play important regulatory roles in homeostasis, stress response, and diverse developmental processes. Here, we describe the identification of conserved miRNAs in date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.

ISVASE: identification of sequence variant associated with splicing event using RNA-seq data.

Background: Exon recognition and splicing precisely and efficiently by spliceosome is the key to generate mature mRNAs. About one third or a half of disease-related mutations affect RNA splicing. Software PVAAS has been developed to identify variants associated with aberrant splicing by directly using RNA-seq data.

Complete Sequence and Analysis of Coconut Palm (Cocos nucifera) Mitochondrial Genome.

Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.), a member of the palm family (Arecaceae), is one of the most economically important crops in tropics, serving as an important source of food, drink, fuel, medicine, and construction material. Here we report an assembly of the coconut (C.

Identification and analysis of mouse non-coding RNA using transcriptome data.

Transcripts are expressed spatially and temporally and they are very complicated, precise and specific; however, most studies are focused on protein-coding related genes. Recently, massively parallel cDNA sequencing (RNA-seq) has emerged to be a new and promising tool for transcriptome research, and numbers of non-coding RNAs, especially lincRNAs, have been widely identified and well characterized as important regulators of diverse biological processes. In this study, we used ultra-deep RNA-seq data from 15 mouse tissues to study the diversity and dynamic of non-coding RNAs in mouse.

Identification and analysis of house-keeping and tissue-specific genes based on RNA-seq data sets across 15 mouse tissues.

Recently, RNA-seq has become widely used technology for transcriptome profiling due to its single-base accuracy and high-throughput speciality. In this study, we applied a computational approach on an integrated RNA-seq dataset across 15 normal mouse tissues, and consequently assigned 8408 house-keeping (HK) genes and 2581 tissue-specific (TS) genes among UCSC RefGene annotation. Apart from some basic genomic features, we also performed expression, function and pathway analysis with clustering, DAVID and Ingenuity Pathway Analysis, indicating the physiological connections (tissues) and diverse biological roles of HK genes (fundamental processes) and TS genes (tissue-corresponding processes).

Profiling microRNA expression during multi-staged date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) fruit development.

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play crucial roles in multiple stages of plant development and regulate gene expression at posttranscriptional and translational levels. In this study, we first identified 238 conserved miRNAs in date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) based on a high-quality genome assembly and defined 78 fruit-development-associated (FDA) miRNAs, whose expression profiles are variable at different fruit development stages. Using experimental data, we subsequently detected 276 novel P.

Transcriptomic study of the red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus embryogenesis.

The red palm weevil (RPW), Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is an invasive, concealed and destructive tissue borer, and it becomes a lethal pest of the palm family of plants and has been reported to attack 20 palm species around the globe. Here we report a systematic transcriptomic study on embryogenesis of RPW, where we analyze the transcriptomes across five developmental stages of RPW embryogenesis, involving four embryonic stages (E1, E2, E3 and E4) and one larval stage (L1). Using the RNA-seq and next-generation platforms, we generated 80 to 91 million reads for each library and assemble 22 532 genes that are expressed at different embryonic stages.

A large-scale gene discovery for the red palm weevil Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).

The red palm weevil (RPW; Rhynchophorus ferrugineus) is a devastating pest of palms, prevalent in the Middle East as well as many other regions of the world. Here, we report a large-scale de novo complementary DNA (cDNA) sequencing effort that acquired ∼5 million reads and assembled them into 26 765 contigs from 12 libraries made from samples of different RPW developmental stages based on the Roche/454 GS FLX platform. We annotated these contigs based on the publically available known insect genes and the Tribolium castaneum genome assembly.

Genome sequence of the date palm Phoenix dactylifera L.

Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) is a cultivated woody plant species with agricultural and economic importance. Here we report a genome assembly for an elite variety (Khalas), which is 605.

Evolutional and functional analysis of a serine protease in Spodoptera litura.

Spodoptera litura is a threatening agricultural insect in tropical and subtropical areas and accounts for tremendous annual crop losses. As seen in virtually all insect species, serine proteases (SPs) are crucial to S. litura.

Comparative analyses of H3K4 and H3K27 trimethylations between the mouse cerebrum and testis.

The global features of H3K4 and H3K27 trimethylations (H3K4me3 and H3K27me3) have been well studied in recent years, but most of these studies were performed in mammalian cell lines. In this work, we generated the genome-wide maps of H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 of mouse cerebrum and testis using ChIP-seq and their high-coverage transcriptomes using ribominus RNA-seq with SOLiD technology. We examined the global patterns of H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 in both tissues and found that modifications are closely-associated with tissue-specific expression, function and development.