Resistance of the Ginseng Gray Mold Pathogen, , to Boscalid and Pyraclostrobin Fungicides in China.

Gray mold caused by severely threatens the yield of ginseng (). Various categories of fungicides have been utilized to control gray mold on this crop. In this study, the resistance of 102 isolates of from 11 commercial ginseng-growing regions in China to fungicides was examined.

[Sensitivity baseline establishment and resistance risk assessment of Botrytis cinerea from Panax ginseng to prochloraz].

This study aimed to establish the baseline sensitivity of Botrytis cinerea from Panax ginseng to prochloraz, and ensure the fitness of prochloraz-resistant mutants and the cross-resistance of B. cinerea to prochloraz and commonly used fungicides for the prevention and control of gray mold including boscalid, pyraclostrobin, iprodione, and pyrimethanil. The sensitivity of B.

[Isolation and identification of pathogen causing damping off at seedling stage of Trollius chinensis].

Trollius chinensis is a traditional Chinese medicinal material in China, the wild resource of T. chinensis are now exhausted, and commercial medicinal T. chinensis mainly depends on artificial cultivation.

[Isolation and identification of a new phytopathogen causing root rot of Rehmannia glutinosa].

Root rot was occurred widely in the production area of Rehmannia glutinosa, and which result in serious influence on the yield and quality of R. glutinosa. In the present work, a new phytopathogen was isolated from roots with root rot symptom in the production area of R.

[Molecular identification of cucumber mosaic virus in woad (Isatis tinctoria) with mosaic disease in Beijing].

To detect possible pathogenic virus(es) in woad (Isatis tinctoria) cultivated at Institute of Medicinal Plant Development in Beijing, reverse transcription(RT)-PCR was performed using total RNA of symptomatic woad leaves with primers for poty-, polero-, tobamovirus, broad bean wilt virus 2(BBWV2) and cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). A 657 bp fragment was amplified from symptomatic woad using CMV primers. Sequencing and BLAST analysis indicated that this fragment shared 99% nucleotide identity and 100% amino acid identity with CMV-Vi isolate.

[Gene cloning and expression analysis of benzoic acid stress responsive transcription factor WRKY7 in Panax ginseng].

WRKY transcription factor is one of the most important transcription factor families widely existing in higher plants, which playing critical role in plant morphogenesis, development, biotic (including phytopathogens, pests etc.) and abiotic (drought, salt, chilling, high temperature, etc.) stress.

[Study on standard of safe application of thiamethoxam on GAP of Lonicera japonica].

The paper is aimed to establish a method of residue analysis for thiamethoxam and to study its degradation dynamic and final residue and its standard of safe application of thiamethoxam on Lonicera japonica. Samples extracted with methanol by ultrasonication were purified with dichloromethane by liquid-liquid extraction and SPE column and analysed by HPLC-UV. The results showed that average rate was 84.

[Identification of bacterial strain ge15 and its controlling effect on ginseng diseases].

Based on previous results of 16S rDNA sequence homologuous and results of physic-biochemical indexes and morphological characteristics in the present work, bacterial strain ge15 isolated from roots of ginseng plants was identified as Stenotrophomonas rhizophila. Confronting incubation results showed that, strain ge15 inhibited the growth of Alternaria panax, Phytophthora cactorum, and Cylindrocapon destructans significantly, and the width of inhibition zone was 13.3, 24.

[Mitigative effect of micribial degradation on autotoxicity of Panax ginseng].

Continuously cropping obstacle restricts ginseng production and rational use of land resource severely, and autotoxicity is one of the most important factors. In our previous work, ginseng autotoxin degrading bacteria were isolated, in the present re- search, plate culturing method and traditional physiological and biochemical method were used to analyze biological indices and protective enzyme activities, in order to elucidate the mitigative effect of autotoxin degrading bacteria on autotoxicity of P. ginseng.

[Fermentation of Bacillus subtilis ge25 strain and preliminary study on its antagonistic substances].

Panax ginseng is one of the most important traditional Chinese herbal medicine, soil borne diseases influenced the yield and quality severely. In our previous work, endophytic Bacillus subtilis ge25 strain was isolated from ginseng root, and which showed significant antagonistic activity against several most destructive ginseng phytopathogens. In the present work, crude protein and lipopeptid extracts were prepared from LB and Landy supernate by salting out, acid precipitation methods respectively.

Dynamics of Panax ginseng Rhizospheric Soil Microbial Community and Their Metabolic Function.

The bacterial communities of 1- to 6-year ginseng rhizosphere soils were characterized by culture-independent approaches, random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), and amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA). Culture-dependent method (Biolog) was used to investigate the metabolic function variance of microbe living in rhizosphere soil. Results showed that significant genetic and metabolic function variance were detected among soils, and, with the increasing of cultivating years, genetic diversity of bacterial communities in ginseng rhizosphere soil tended to be decreased.

[Isolation and characteristics of Panax ginseng autotoxin-degrading bacterial strains].

In this study, traditional plate culturing method was used to isolate autotoxin-degrading microbial strains, and which were then identified by 16S rDNA homological analysis and morphological characteristics. Furthermore, the growth and autotoxin-degrading efficiency of them were analyzed by liquid culturing method and GC-MS to illustrate their autotoxin-degradation characteristics. As a result, five bacterial strains having autotoxin-degrading activity were isolated from 6-years ginseng nonrhizospheric soil successfully, and which can growth successfully by taking autotoxins added artificially as carbon source in liquid culturing condition.

Characterization of aromatic glycosides in the extracts of Trollius species by ultra high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry.

Ultra high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with electrospray ionization quadrupole time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC/ESI-Q-TOF MS/MS) was used to investigate the MS fragmentation behaviors of flavone C-glycosides present in the extracts of five Trollius species. In this study, the primary MS fragmentation pathways and key diagnostic fragment ions of flavone C-glycosides were systematically investigated and summarized to distinguish different types of derivatives and to trace other analogs in Trollius species. This method was useful, rapid, efficient and sensitive and allowed the simultaneous identification of different types of flavone C-glycosides present in other medicinal plants.

Characterization of soil bacterial communities in rhizospheric and nonrhizospheric soil of Panax ginseng.

A culture-independent approach was used to evaluate the bacterial community in rhizospheric and nonrhizospheric soil in which Panax ginseng had grown for 3 years. For each sample, soil was randomly collected from multiple sampling points and mixed thoroughly before genomic DNA extraction. Universal primers 27f and 1492r were used to amplify 16S rRNA genes.

[Effects of nutrient deficiency on principal components of ginseng root exudates].

By the method of solution culture, the effects of N, P, and K deficiency on the principol components in root exudates of ginseng at its early growth stage were studied. The results showed that in treatments N and K deficiency and control, no significant difference was observed in the principal components of ginseng root exudates, and 28, 29, and 27 principal chromatographic peaks were detected by GC-MS, respectively; while in treatment P deficiency, only 22 principal chromatographic peaks were detected. Furthermore compounds in the root exudates from treatments N, P, and K deficiency and control were identified, respectively.

[Screening strains for Trichoderma spp. for strong antagonism against ginseng root pathogens and study on their biological characters].

Objective: To screen the Trichodenna spp. for strong antagonist against ginseng root pathogens.

Method: The biological characters of ten Trichoderma strains were compared by culturing on different media.

[Identification study of different Flos Trollii by IR].

Objective: To establish a method to identify different Flos Trollii with IR spectra and to provide a new technique for their science estimation and quality identification.

Methods: Their IR spectra were obtained by the method of intuitionistic analysis-selecting point to normalization.

Results: Differences on the shape, the position, the height and the relative intensity of absorption peaks were shown in IR spectra of the ten samples.

[Progress on the control of medicinal plants soil-borne disease by anti-microorganism].

Much success had been achieved in the following aspect: the filtration of anti-microorganism, the action mechanisms, the inhibitory action in the field and so on. Though the narrow object and the unstable effect really exist now, it still has a broad developing future for it's advantage in keeping ecological balance and in fitting the requirement of GAP.

[Biological effect of seed-coating in Carthamus tinctorins].

Objective: To study the Biological effect of seed-coating in Carthamus tinctorins.

Method: Two kinds of seedcoating chemicals SCF1 and SCF2 were used in this experiment, the seed YM-99 and 27981-99 were coated by three kinds of ratio of seedcoating chemicals to seed. It was investigated that the germination energy and germination percentage in the room and the emergence rate, seedling stage growing, pest in the field.

[Applied studies of biological control techniques on healthful Chinese crude drugs].

Medicinal plants always suffer from diseases and pests in their cultivation and growing, and the yield and quality are reduced. At present, chemical pesticide is mainly used to control the diseases and pests. The long-term use and over-use of pesticide result in pesticide residue, pests resistance to pesticide, water and soil pollution and other environmental contamination.

[Study on the pollination characteristic of Cistanche deserticola].

Objective: To study the Pollination Characteristic of C. deserticola.

Method: Four pollination methods were used, cross pollination coming different plant, cross pollination in one plant, wind pollination and no-pollination.

[Presearch on preventing the medicinal plant diseases with Trichoderma harzianum preparation].

Objective: To control the medicinal plant diseases with the preparation of Trichoderma harzianum.

Method: Antagonistic action of the preparation to the pathogens of the medicinal plants in vitro, and controling effects of the preparation on these diseases in greenhouse and in the field were tested.

Result: The test in vitro showed that Trichoderma harzianum, used as a biocontrol factor, had stronger antagonistic action to Fusarium equiseti, Sclerotinia sp.