Making stereopsis related to the ability of ocular deviation: a new paradigm for assessment of intermittent exotropia.

Aim: To investigate the underlying factors by establishing a new paradigm for assessing control ability under stereopsis testing conditions.

Methods: This was a prospective observational study. We evaluated the control ability of intermittent exotropia (IXT) patients in three conditions: natural 2D optotype viewing, 2D optotype viewing with polarized glasses, and 3D optotype viewing with polarized glasses.

The immunological interface: dendritic cells as key regulators in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.

Metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) refers to a broad spectrum of conditions associating fat accumulation in the liver (steatosis) with varying degrees of inflammation (hepatitis) and fibrosis, which can progress to cirrhosis and potentially cancer (hepatocellular carcinoma). The first stages of these diseases are reversible and the immune system, together with metabolic factors (obesity, insulin resistance, Western diet, etc.), can influence the disease trajectory leading to progression or regression.

Notch signaling regulates macrophage-mediated inflammation in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease.

The liver macrophage population comprises resident Kupffer cells (KCs) and monocyte-derived macrophages with distinct pro- or anti-inflammatory properties that affect the severity and course of liver diseases. The mechanisms underlying macrophage differentiation and functions in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease and/or steatohepatitis (MASLD/MASH) remain mostly unknown. Using single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and fate mapping of hepatic macrophage subpopulations, we unraveled the temporal and spatial dynamics of distinct monocyte and monocyte-derived macrophage subsets in MASH.

iPS-cell-derived microglia promote brain organoid maturation via cholesterol transfer.

Microglia are specialized brain-resident macrophages that arise from primitive macrophages colonizing the embryonic brain. Microglia contribute to multiple aspects of brain development, but their precise roles in the early human brain remain poorly understood owing to limited access to relevant tissues. The generation of brain organoids from human induced pluripotent stem cells recapitulates some key features of human embryonic brain development.

Spectral Flow Cytometry Analysis of Resident Tissue Macrophages.

Spectral flow cytometry improves flow cytometry panels by resolving the full emission spectra of individual fluorophores, allowing greater flexibility to incorporate more fluorochromes when designing multicolor panels. Additionally, the spectral approach captures the autofluorescence of a sample or cell population (e.g.

Dendritic cell type 3 arises from Ly6C monocyte-dendritic cell progenitors.

Conventional dendritic cells (cDCs) are professional antigen-presenting cells that control the adaptive immune response. Their subsets and developmental origins have been intensively investigated but are still not fully understood as their phenotypes, especially in the DC2 lineage and the recently described human DC3s, overlap with monocytes. Here, using LEGENDScreen to profile DC vs.

Guidelines for mouse and human DC functional assays.

This article is part of the Dendritic Cell Guidelines article series, which provides a collection of state-of-the-art protocols for the preparation, phenotype analysis by flow cytometry, generation, fluorescence microscopy, and functional characterization of mouse and human dendritic cells (DC) from lymphoid organs and various non-lymphoid tissues. Recent studies have provided evidence for an increasing number of phenotypically distinct conventional DC (cDC) subsets that on one hand exhibit a certain functional plasticity, but on the other hand are characterized by their tissue- and context-dependent functional specialization. Here, we describe a selection of assays for the functional characterization of mouse and human cDC.

Dual ontogeny of disease-associated microglia and disease inflammatory macrophages in aging and neurodegeneration.

Brain macrophage populations include parenchymal microglia, border-associated macrophages, and recruited monocyte-derived cells; together, they control brain development and homeostasis but are also implicated in aging pathogenesis and neurodegeneration. The phenotypes, localization, and functions of each population in different contexts have yet to be resolved. We generated a murine brain myeloid scRNA-seq integration to systematically delineate brain macrophage populations.

ISM1 protects lung homeostasis via cell-surface GRP78-mediated alveolar macrophage apoptosis.

Alveolar macrophages (AMs) are critical for lung immune defense and homeostasis. They are orchestrators of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), with their number significantly increased and functions altered in COPD. However, it is unclear how AM number and function are controlled in a healthy lung and if changes in AMs without environmental assault are sufficient to trigger lung inflammation and COPD.

A subset of Kupffer cells regulates metabolism through the expression of CD36.

Tissue macrophages are immune cells whose phenotypes and functions are dictated by origin and niches. However, tissues are complex environments, and macrophage heterogeneity within the same organ has been overlooked so far. Here, we used high-dimensional approaches to characterize macrophage populations in the murine liver.

Guidelines for the use of flow cytometry and cell sorting in immunological studies (second edition).

These guidelines are a consensus work of a considerable number of members of the immunology and flow cytometry community. They provide the theory and key practical aspects of flow cytometry enabling immunologists to avoid the common errors that often undermine immunological data. Notably, there are comprehensive sections of all major immune cell types with helpful Tables detailing phenotypes in murine and human cells.

Two distinct interstitial macrophage populations coexist across tissues in specific subtissular niches.

Macrophages are a heterogeneous cell population involved in tissue homeostasis, inflammation, and various pathologies. Although the major tissue-resident macrophage populations have been extensively studied, interstitial macrophages (IMs) residing within the tissue parenchyma remain poorly defined. Here we studied IMs from murine lung, fat, heart, and dermis.

Annexins in Influenza Virus Replication and Pathogenesis.

Influenza A viruses (IAVs) are important human respiratory pathogens which cause seasonal or periodic endemic infections. IAV can result in severe or fatal clinical complications including pneumonia and respiratory distress syndrome. Treatment of IAV infections is complicated because the virus can evade host immunity through antigenic drifts and antigenic shifts, to establish infections making new treatment options desirable.