Selective processing of clinical information related to correct and incorrect diagnoses: An eye-tracking experiment.

Introduction: Diagnostic errors are often attributed to erroneous selection and interpretation of patients' clinical information, due to either cognitive biases or knowledge deficits. However, whether the selection or processing of clinical information differs between correct and incorrect diagnoses in written clinical cases remains unclear. We hypothesised that residents would spend more time processing clinical information that was relevant to their final diagnosis, regardless of whether their diagnosis was correct.

Widening the Gates: Redefining Excellence in Selection for Health Professions Education for a Diverse Future Workforce.

To ensure diversity in the healthcare workforce selection committees must select a cohort of students who collectively possess the wide variety of qualities necessary to serve societal needs. In practice, selection procedures primarily focus on predicting academic outcomes, which are currently based on a limited set of qualities, restricting the definition of excellence in healthcare. The authors propose a shift in the design of selection procedures by including additional considerations - student diversity and applicant perception - to select talented students who can fulfil societal needs.

Effects of adaptive scaffolding on performance, cognitive load and engagement in game-based learning: a randomized controlled trial.

Background: While game-based learning has demonstrated positive outcomes for some learners, its efficacy remains variable. Adaptive scaffolding may improve performance and self-regulation during training by optimizing cognitive load. Informed by cognitive load theory, this study investigates whether adaptive scaffolding based on interaction trace data influences learning performance, self-regulation, cognitive load, test performance, and engagement in a medical emergency game.

A genetic risk score to predict treatment nonresponse in psychotic depression.

Psychotic depression is a severe and difficult-to-treat subtype of major depressive disorder for which higher rates of treatment-resistant depression were found. Studies have been performed aiming to predict treatment-resistant depression or treatment nonresponse. However, most of these studies excluded patients with psychotic depression.

Self-regulated learning profiles including test anxiety linked to stress and performance: A latent profile analysis based across multiple cohorts.

Introduction: Medical educators aim to understand why students differ in performance and stress. While performance and stress are associated with student demographics, school factors and aspects of self-regulated learning (SRL), it remains unclear how these elements interact within individuals. This multi-cohort study identified SRL profiles among medical students and explored their associations with performance and stress.

The Relationship of Early Sleep Improvement With Response to Pharmacotherapy in Unipolar Psychotic Depression.

Background: Since insomnia and depression are interrelated, improved sleep early in antidepressant pharmacotherapy may predict a positive treatment outcome. We investigated whether early insomnia improvement (EII) predicted treatment outcome in psychotic depression (PD) and examined if there was an interaction effect between EII and treatment type to assess if findings were treatment-specific.

Methods: This study is a secondary analysis of a randomized trial comparing 7 weeks treatment with the antidepressants venlafaxine, imipramine and venlafaxine plus the antipsychotic quetiapine in PD ( n = 114).

The association between how medical students were selected and their perceived stress levels in Year-1 of medical school.

Background: The prevalence of medical students' mental distress is high. While schools apply various methods to select a well-performing and diverse student population, little is known about the association between different selection methods and the well-being of these students during medical school. The present retrospective multi-cohort study assessed whether students selected by high grades, assessment, or weighted lottery showed different stress perception levels in Year-1 of medical school.

"Studying cognitive reappraisal as an antidote to the effect of negative emotions on medical residents' learning: a randomized experiment".

Background: Medical trainees often encounter situations that trigger emotional reactions which may hinder learning. Evidence of this effect on medical trainees is scarce and whether it could be counteracted is unclear. This study investigated the effect of negative emotions on medical residents' learning and whether cognitive reappraisal counteracts it.

Identifying and prioritizing educational content from a malpractice claims database for clinical reasoning education in the vocational training of general practitioners.

Diagnostic reasoning is an important topic in General Practitioners' (GPs) vocational training. Interestingly, research has paid little attention to the content of the cases used in clinical reasoning education. Malpractice claims of diagnostic errors represent cases that impact patients and that reflect potential knowledge gaps and contextual factors.

Medical students' crisis-induced stress and the association with social support.

Background: Medical schools are challenged to guard student wellbeing given the potential negative impact of the COVID-19 outbreak combined with an already high prevalence of mental distress. Although social support is generally associated with less crisis-induced stress, it is unknown whether this applies to medical students during the COVID-19 outbreak.

Objectives: The impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on perceived stress of medical students was assessed by comparing their perceived stress levels during the outbreak to both their own baseline and the previous cohort's pre-COVID-19 stress levels.

Effect on diagnostic accuracy of cognitive reasoning tools for the workplace setting: systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Preventable diagnostic errors are a large burden on healthcare. Cognitive reasoning tools, that is, tools that aim to improve clinical reasoning, are commonly suggested interventions. However, quantitative estimates of tool effectiveness have been aggregated over both workplace-oriented and educational-oriented tools, leaving the impact of workplace-oriented cognitive reasoning tools alone unclear.

How would final-year medical students perform if their skill-based prescription assessment was real life?

Aims: Prescribing errors occur frequently, especially among junior doctors. Our aim was to investigate prescribing errors made by final-year medical students. Information on these errors can help to improve education on and assessment of clinical pharmacotherapy (CPT).

Influence of adjuvant nortriptyline on the efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy: A randomized controlled trial and 1-year follow-up.

Objective: There is limited evidence that adding an antidepressant to electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), compared with ECT monotherapy, improves outcomes. We aimed to determine whether the addition of nortriptyline to ECT enhances its efficacy and prevents post-ECT relapse.

Methods: We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (RCT).

Do norms unintentionally increase stereotypical expressions? A randomised controlled trial.

Introduction: Implicit biases of health professionals could cause biased judgements. Many anti-bias interventions seem to be ineffective, and some even counterproductive. People tend to be compliant to standards describing what the majority of people finds or does, and this could cause people to think in a stereotype-consistent manner.

Student ethnicity predicts social learning experiences, self-regulatory focus and grades.

Context: Ethnic minority students find that their ethnicity negatively affects the evaluation of their capacities and their feelings in medical school. This study tests whether ethnic minority and majority students differ in their 'self-regulatory focus' in clinical training, that is, their ways to approach goals, due to differences in social learning experiences. Self-regulatory focus consists of a promotion and prevention focus.

Association of the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio and white blood cell count with response to pharmacotherapy in unipolar psychotic depression: An exploratory analysis.

Background: Low-grade inflammation occurs in a subgroup of patients with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) and may be associated with response to antidepressant medications. The Neutrophil to Lymphocyte Ratio (NLR) and total White Blood cell Count (WBC) are markers of systemic inflammation which have not been investigated as predictors for outcome to pharmacotherapy in unipolar depression yet. Moreover, the association between inflammation and treatment response has not been studied in unipolar Psychotic Depression (PD).

Effects of raising the bar on medical student study progress: An intersectional approach.

Context: Medical schools seek for measures to improve their students' study progress and are responsible for a diverse student population.

Objectives: The effect of a stricter academic dismissal (AD) policy in medical school on short-term and long-term study progress was investigated in a longitudinal cohort study. In addition, differential effects for subgroups were assessed by intersecting gender, ethnicity and prior education (intersectional framework).

Influence of an adjuvant antidepressant on the efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objective: The primary indication for electroconvulsive therapy is medication-resistant major depression. There is some evidence that combining electroconvulsive therapy with an antidepressant, instead of electroconvulsive therapy monotherapy, might improve remission rates. However, data on this topic have not been systematically studied.

Psychomotor Retardation and the prognosis of antidepressant treatment in patients with unipolar Psychotic Depression.

Background: Psychomotor Retardation is a key symptom of Major Depressive Disorder. According to the literature its presence may affect the prognosis of treatment. Aim of the present study is to investigate the prognostic role of Psychomotor Retardation in patients with unipolar Psychotic Depression who are under antidepressant treatment.

The Effect of Stereoscopic Augmented Reality Visualization on Learning Anatomy and the Modifying Effect of Visual-Spatial Abilities: A Double-Center Randomized Controlled Trial.

Monoscopically projected three-dimensional (3D) visualization technology may have significant disadvantages for students with lower visual-spatial abilities despite its overall effectiveness in teaching anatomy. Previous research suggests that stereopsis may facilitate a better comprehension of anatomical knowledge. This study evaluated the educational effectiveness of stereoscopic augmented reality (AR) visualization and the modifying effect of visual-spatial abilities on learning.

Influence of negative emotions on residents' learning of scientific information: an experimental study.

Introduction: Medical training is consistently described as emotionally challenging. Students commonly encounter situations that are likely to trigger emotional reactions, but the influence of emotional reactions to these situations on learning is unclear. This experiment examined the effects of negative emotions on medical residents' learning of scientific information.

Influence of age on ECT efficacy in depression and the mediating role of psychomotor retardation and psychotic features.

Objective: To investigate whether older age predicts a higher efficacy of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in severely depressed patients. Also, to analyze whether psychomotor disturbance and/or psychotic features might explain the potential higher efficacy of ECT in older age.

Method: A total of 96 patients with major depressive disorder treated with bilateral ECT were evaluated.

Outcome of a three-phase treatment algorithm for inpatients with melancholic depression.

Background: In patients suffering from major depressive disorder, non-response to initial antidepressant monotherapy is relatively common. The use of treatment algorithms may optimize and enhance treatment outcome.

Methods: A single-center 3-phase treatment algorithm was evaluated for inpatients with major depressive disorder, i.

Anterograde Amnesia during Electroconvulsive Therapy: A Prospective Pilot-Study in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder.

Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is considered an effective treatment for major depression with melancholic features. However, neurocognitive side-effects such as anterograde amnesia still regularly occur. The present study aims to evaluate the severity and course of anterograde amnesia in severely depressed patients undergoing ECT.