Effects of low dose metformin in adolescents with type I diabetes mellitus: a randomized, double-blinded placebo-controlled study.

Background: Insulin resistance increases during adolescence in those with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM), complicating glycemic control and potentially increasing cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Metformin, typically used in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), is a possible adjunct therapy in T1DM to help improve glycemic control and insulin sensitivity.

Objective: We hypothesized that metformin would improve metabolic parameters in adolescents with T1DM.

Mixing rapid-acting insulin analogues with insulin glargine in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Objective: To determine whether mixing insulin glargine (IG) with a rapid-acting insulin (RAI) analogue in the same syringe had any deleterious effects on glycemic control in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Study Design: Data from 55 children mixing the IG with a RAI analogue was collected for 6 months before and 6 months after the insulin mixing began. Data from a control group of 55 children not mixing the insulins was collected at similar intervals.

Use of insulin glargine in children under age 6 with type 1 diabetes.

Aim: Children under 6 yr have the highest incidence of severe hypoglycemia (SH) and the greatest likelihood of brain damage from SH. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the use of insulin glargine (Lantus in children under age 6 with type 1 diabetes (T1D).

Methods: The electronic medical records were reviewed for patients under age 6 during the first 6 months of insulin glargine therapy and compared with age, sex, and duration of diabetes for matched control patients on neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin.

Increased incidence and severity of diabetic ketoacidosis among uninsured children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes mellitus.

Objectives: (a) To determine the incidence and severity of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) and (b) to stratify according to insurance status at the initial diagnosis of type 1 diabetes (T1DM).

Research Design And Methods: Subjects included children <18 yr who presented with new-onset T1DM from January 2002 to December 2003 and were subsequently followed at the Barbara Davis Center. Insurance status and initial venous pH were obtained.

Redefining the clinical remission period in children with type 1 diabetes.

Purpose: To redefine the clinical remission period for different aged children receiving the current standard of diabetes care.

Methods: An electronic patient records system was used to identify 552 children newly diagnosed with type 1 diabetes (T1D) from 1997 to 2001 who had an initial hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) value at the time of diagnosis and at least one other value measured in the ensuing year. The insulin dosage previously used to define the remission period [<0.

Reduced hypoglycemic episodes and improved glycemic control in children with type 1 diabetes using insulin glargine and neutral protamine Hagedorn insulin.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of a new long-acting basal insulin, insulin glargine (IG), in children with type 1 diabetes. Study design Data from 114 subjects, age 2 to 18 years (mean, 12.2 years; 54 boys, 60 girls), were collected for 9 months before and 9 months after IG treatment.

Predictors of acute complications in children with type 1 diabetes.

Context: Diabetic ketoacidosis and severe hypoglycemia are acute complications of type 1 diabetes that are related, respectively, to insufficient or excessive insulin treatment. However, little is known about additional modifiable risk factors.

Objective: To examine the incidence of ketoacidosis and severe hypoglycemia in children with diabetes and to determine the factors that predict these complications.

Effectiveness of postprandial Humalog in toddlers with diabetes.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to determine whether postprandial administration of the new rapid-acting insulin analog Humalog could effectively reduce glucose excursions in children <5 years old.

Design: Human Regular insulin given before a meal was compared with the same dose of Humalog after a meal of equal carbohydrate content in five toddlers with insulin-dependent (type 1) diabetes mellitus. In addition, the use of Humalog before a meal was compared with Humalog given after a meal of equal carbohydrate content in five other toddlers.

Final adult height and its relationship to blood glucose control and microvascular complications in IDDM.

The effect of longitudinal blood glucose control on final adult height was evaluated in 181 subjects (94 women and 87 men) with IDDM. Diabetes onset was at a median age of 6.9 years with an interquartile range of 4.

Plasma zinc and copper in Paris area preschool children with growth impairment.

Plasma zinc, copper, and parameters of growth were measured in a group of 116 French preschool children, 2-5 yr-old from low-income households. Participants were selected on the basis of Z-scores of weight for height (WHZ) and height for age (HAZ). Zinc and copper concentrations of children with growth impairment (GI), defined by a WHZ and/or HAZ < -1 Z-score, were compared to those of age, sex, and ethnic origin matched controls (WHZ and HAZ > -1 Z-score).

Decreased serum levels of nutritional biochemical indices in healthy children with marginally delayed physical growth.

Biochemical markers of nutritional status (albumin, transthyretin, insulin-like growth factor-I and zinc) were measured in slowly growing two- to five-year-old, low-income Parisian children whose weight-for-height or height-for-age z scores (WHZ or HAZ) were between -1 and -2 SD of the NCHS median. The results were compared to controls who were matched for age, sex, and ethnic origin with WHZ and HAZ between -1 and +2 SD. Mean serum levels of transthyretin, albumin and insulin-like growth factor-I and mean plasma zinc concentrations were significantly lower in the growth-impaired children than in the controls (p = 0.

Selenium status of healthy immigrant Parisian preschool children.

Plasma selenium (Se) concentration and erythrocyte glutathione peroxidase activity (GPx) were assessed in a population of healthy preschool children two to five years old, residing in the city of Paris. In the 118 subjects, mean (+/- SD) plasma Se concentration was 62.10 +/- 13.

Zinc supplements in breastfed infants.

Among breastfed infants, growth faltering in comparison with reference growth curves is common in both developing and developed countries. We performed a zinc supplementation trial in Paris, France, to find out whether such growth faltering is due to nutritional zinc deficiency. 57 breastfed infants aged 4-9 (mean 5.

Thyroid hormone replacement and growth of children with subclinical hypothyroidism and diabetes.

Growth potential among people with Type 1 diabetes and subclinical hypothyroidism may be significantly reduced. Growth was evaluated in 25 children with diabetes who had thyromegaly and elevated thyrotrophin (TSH) levels. All patients appeared clinically euthyroid except for four with short stature.

Zinc supplementation in infants with a nutritional pattern of failure to thrive: a double-blind, controlled study.

The objective of this study was to determine whether zinc deficiency is one of the factors involved in nutritional failure to thrive in infants and toddlers. Participants were selected on the basis of anthropometric criteria, particularly a decline in weight velocity preceding changes in length gains. The investigation was designed as a double-blind, randomized, pair-matched, controlled study of dietary zinc supplementation of 6 months' duration.

Increased food intake of young children receiving a zinc supplement.

Food intake was calculated in 30 young children with evidence of mild zinc deficiency. In a double-blind controlled study of one year's duration, the test children (n = 15, including ten boys) received a zinc supplement (average, 4.2 mg/day), and the controls received a placebo syrup.

Linear growth of low income preschool children receiving a zinc supplement.

The effects of a zinc supplement on growth velocity were assessed in a double-blind, pair-matched controlled study in 40 children with low growth percentiles. Participants were low-income Spanish-American children, 2 to 6 yr of age with heights below the 10th percentile and nutritional or biochemical evidence of zinc deficiency. After 1 yr, the mean height velocity of the zinc-supplemented children was slightly, but significantly (p less than 0.

Availability of zinc: loading tests with human milk, cow's milk, and infant formulas.

Uptake of zinc with human milk, cow's milk, and four infant formulas investigated using a standard zinc loading test. Female subjects consumed 25 mg of zinc with the milk or formula, the amount of which was calculated to provide 5 gm of protein, after an eight-hour fast. Blood samples were taken prior to (base line) and at 30-minute intervals for three hours after consumption of zinc.

Prostaglandins in human duodenal secretions.

Prostaglandins E1, E2 and F2 alpha were measured in duodenal secretions from two healthy, fasting male subjects. Secretions were collected by duodenal intubation prior to, and following, stimulation by secretin and cholecystokinin. Prostaglandins were measured with a radioimmunoassay technique.