Evaluation of infectivity, length of infection, and immune response of avian reovirus variants in egg-laying hens.

Avian reovirus-infected hens shed virus heavily at 2-3 days post-inoculation.Shedding became minimal after 5-7 days post-inoculation.ARV variants offered 100% protection in hens upon subsequent infections.

Diagnostic investigation of avian reovirus field variants circulating in broiler chickens in Pennsylvania of United States between 2017 and 2022.

Avian reovirus (ARV) has been continuously affecting the poultry industry in Pennsylvania (PA) in recent years. This report provides our diagnostic investigation on monitoring ARV field variants from broiler chickens in Pennsylvania. Genomic characterization findings of 72 ARV field isolates obtained from broiler cases during the last 6 years indicated that six distinct cluster variant strains (genotype I-VI), which were genetically diverse and distant from the vaccine and vaccine-related field strains, continuously circulated in PA poultry.

Identification, 16S rRNA-based characterization, and antimicrobial profile of isolates from broiler and layer chickens.

spp., particularly , have received much attention as poultry pathogens in recent years. We report here the presence and antimicrobial resistance profile of 69 isolates obtained from 2,204 diagnostic submissions of broiler and layer chickens in 2019-2021.

An unusual case of haemorrhagic bursa in a pullet flock associated with a genogroup 2 infectious bursal disease virus.

An unusual case of infectious bursal disease (IBD) was observed in eight-week-old commercial caged pullets. This flock (House 1) exhibited a one-day spike in mortality. On gross necropsy examination, enlarged, diffusely haemorrhagic bursas were observed.

Complete Genome Sequences of Seven Avibacterium paragallinarum Isolates from Poultry Farms in Pennsylvania, USA.

, the causative agent of infectious coryza, causes significant economic losses to the poultry industry due to increased culling rates in growing chickens and decreased egg production in layers. We present the complete genome sequences of seven strains of isolated from poultry farms in Pennsylvania during 2019.

Surveillance for spp. in Game Birds and Cage-Free, Floor-Raised Poultry in Pennsylvania.

Histomoniasis is a significant disease of gallinaceous birds caused by . Transmission of this parasite is dependent on use of the cecal nematode . To define the host range of this nematode, cecal contents from 399 game birds and poultry, representing eight species, were examined for spp.

Detection of CTX-M-1 extended-spectrum beta-lactamase among ceftiofur-resistant clinical isolates of poultry.

resistance to extended-spectrum cephalosporins (ESC) conferred by cefotaximases () is a growing concern in the United States. Among food-producing animals, poultry are a major reservoir of ESC-resistant . A retrospective study was carried out to further characterize 38 ceftiofur-resistant clinical isolates obtained from poultry during 2007-2018.

A Retrospective Study of Salmonella Enteritidis Isolated from Commercial Layer Flocks.

Consumption of shell eggs has been associated with Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) infections in humans in the United States. Because of this, the Pennsylvania Egg Quality Assurance Program (PEQAP) was developed and implemented in 1994. The PEQAP involves periodic flock testing and management practices to minimize SE contamination of shell eggs.

Longitudinal Monitoring of Successive Commercial Layer Flocks for Salmonella enterica Serovar Enteritidis.

The Pennsylvania Egg Quality Assurance Program (EQAP) provided the framework for Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) control programs, including the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) mandated Final Egg Rule, for commercial layer facilities throughout the United States. Although flocks with ≥3000 birds must comply with the FDA Final Egg Rule, smaller flocks are exempted from the rule. As a result, eggs produced by small layer flocks may pose a greater public health risk than those from larger flocks.

Surveillance for Pasteurella multocida in Ring-Necked Pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) After an Outbreak of Avian Cholera and Apparently Successful Antibiotic Treatment.

Avian cholera is a significant disease of domestic and wild birds caused by the bacterium Pasteurella multocida (PM). In poultry, a major source of PM infection is chronic carriers, domestic birds that have become infected and recovered or had subclinical infections. Although outbreaks of avian cholera in ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus) have been reported, the potential for chronic carriers is unknown.

Risk Factors Associated With Salmonella in Laying Hen Farms: Systematic Review of Observational Studies.

Salmonella contamination of laying hen flocks and shell eggs is associated with various management and environmental factors. Foodborne outbreaks of human salmonellosis have been traced back to consumption of Salmonella-contaminated shell eggs. In the present study, a systematic literature review was conducted to identify and provide an evidence-based overview of potential risk factors of Salmonella contamination of laying hens, layer premises, and shell eggs.

Isolation and molecular characterization of newly emerging avian reovirus variants and novel strains in Pennsylvania, USA, 2011-2014.

Avian reovirus (ARV) infections of broiler and turkey flocks have caused significant clinical disease and economic losses in Pennsylvania (PA) since 2011. Most of the ARV-infected birds suffered from severe arthritis, tenosynovitis, pericarditis and depressed growth or runting-stunting syndrome (RSS). A high morbidity (up to 20% to 40%) was observed in ARV-affected flocks, and the flock mortality was occasionally as high as 10%.

Acute septicemia caused by Streptococcus gallolyticus subsp. pasteurianus in turkey poults.

Streptococcus gallolyticus, previously known as Streptococcus bovis biotypes I and II/2, is a well-known cause of sepsis and meningitis in humans and birds. The present case report describes an outbreak of fatal septicemia associated with S. gallolyticus subsp.

Fingerprinting of poultry isolates of Enterococcus cecorum using three molecular typing methods.

Enterococcus cecorum is an emerging challenge to the broiler industry. The organism has been implicated in septicemia, spondylitis, arthritis, and osteomyelitis in commercial broilers and broiler breeders, which lead to economic losses attributed to increased mortality and culling rates, decreased average processing weights, and increased feed conversion ratios. The current study evaluated the genetic variability of 30 clinical isolates of E.

Molecular characterization of Mycoplasma gallisepticum isolates from turkeys.

Mycoplasma gallisepticum was isolated from several turkey flocks at different locations in the United States that were clinically affected with respiratory disease. Five of these isolates from four series of outbreaks had patterns similar to the 6/85 vaccine strain of M. gallisepticum by random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis using three different primer sets, whereas with a fourth primer set (OPA13 and OPA14), only two of the isolates were similar to 6/85.

Investigation of H7N2 avian influenza outbreaks in two broiler breeder flocks in Pennsylvania, 2001-02.

An avian influenza (AI) outbreak occurred in meat-type chickens in central Pennsylvania from December 2001 to January 2002. Two broiler breeder flocks were initially infected almost simultaneously in early December. Avian influenza virus (AIV), H7N2 subtype, was isolated from the two premises in our laboratory.

Summary of the 2001-02 Pennsylvania H7N2 low pathogenicity avian influenza outbreak in meat type chickens.

H7N2 low-pathogenicity (LP) avian influenza (AI) virus was isolated from chickens submitted to the Pennsylvania Animal Diagnostic Laboratory System on December 4 and 5, 2001. The cases were from two broiler breeder flocks in central Pennsylvania that had clinical signs of an acute, rapidly spreading respiratory disease. Seroconversion to AI virus was detected on follow-up sampling.

Inhibition of Salmonella typhimurium on agar medium and poultry skin by ultraviolet energy.

Ultraviolet radiation (UV) was effective in destroying Salmonella typhimurium on agar plates and poultry skin. Agar plates inoculated with varying numbers of colony-forming units (CFU) of S. typhimurium (1.

The use of ultraviolet radiation to reduce Salmonella and psychrotrophic bacterial contamination on poultry carcasses.

Broiler carcasses were subjected to ultraviolet (UV) energy (doses range from 82,560 to 86,400 muWs/cm2) at wavelength of 253.7 nm to evaluate the potential of this treatment for improving the microbiological quality of broiler carcasses. Broiler chicken halves were inoculated with a marker strain of Salmonella typhimurium 5 min prior to treatment.

Diabetes mellitus in a red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis).

An adult, free-living female red-tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicensis) with clinical signs of generalized weakness, polyuria, and polydipsia, was killed and necropsied. An ante mortem serum sample taken from the bird contained 54.3 mmole/1 glucose, and large amounts of glucose were found in the urine.

Toxicity of excess dicalcium phosphate in the diet of turkey poults.

High mortality in 1-week-old commercial turkey poults was attributed to the accidental substitution of dicalcium phosphate in the diet for corn. At necropsy of the affected birds, lesions were observed in the upper gastrointestinal tract, suggesting acute ingestion of a caustic substance. Mortality and gross and microscopic lesions were reproduced experimentally in turkey poults fed diets similar to the diet fed in the field case.

Helminth parasites of northern spotted owls (Strix occidentalis caurina) from Oregon.

Helminth parasites are reported for the first time from northern spotted owls. Seventy-one percent of a sample of Strix occidentalis caurina from western Oregon was infected. Nematodes (Porrocaecum depressum, Capillaria falconis, Microtetrameres sp.

Cervical dorsal spondylosis with spinal cord compression in a black swan (Cygnus atratus).

Cervical dorsal spondylosis with spinal cord compression in a black swan (Cygnus atratus) was confirmed radiographically and morphologically. Clinically ataxia was associated. Noninflammatory, degenerative changes of the synovial joint cartilage were associated with the spondylosis.

Identification of ferrous sulfate toxicity in a commercial broiler flock.

A 2.5% mortality rate was observed in a flock of 19,000 commercial one-day-old broiler chicks that had been placed 24 hours previously on litter treated with ferrous sulfate heptahydrate. Ulcerative ventriculitis and severe hepatopathy were the primary lesions observed grossly and microscopically.