Electrochemical methods for the determination of acetaminophen in biological matrices: A critical review in the clinical field.

Background: Paracetamol or acetaminophen (APAP), or acetaminophen, is a widely used medication for pain relief and fever reduction due to its analgesic and antipyretic properties. However, excessive APAP consumption can lead to severe hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity, posing overdose risks. Consequently, the development of analytical methods for an accurate and rapid detection of APAP in biological matrices is of great interest in the health-related fields.

Synthetic Cathinones' Comprehensive Screening and Classification by Voltammetric and Chemometric Analyses: A Powerful Method for On-Site Forensic Applications.

The use of synthetic cathinones (SCs) has increased in recent years, posing significant public health problems due to their adverse effects and potential for fatal poisonings. The structural diversity and rapid emergence of new SC analogues create challenges for law enforcement and drug screening techniques. This work presents for the first time the electrochemical detection of SCs using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) on a boron-doped diamond electrode (BDDE).

Environmentally friendly screen-printed electrodes for the selective detection of 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-B) in forensic analysis.

In response to the growing need for sustainable analytical methods, this study explores the repurposing of screen-printed electrodes (SPEs) that would otherwise be discarded. This involves recoating the working electrode surface with a graphite (Gr) and chitosan (CTS) dispersion, creating a reusable SPE (SPE-Gr/CTS). Demonstrating its utility, SPE-Gr/CTS was employed for the detection of 4-bromo-2,5-dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-B), a phenylethylamine commonly used for recreational proposes.

An innovative approach for selective and robust screening of NBOHs, NBOMes, and LSD in forensic samples using a 3D-Printed electrochemical double cell.

Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) and two phenethylamine classes (NBOHs and NBOMes) are the main illicit drugs found in seized blotter papers. The preliminary identification of these substances is of great interest for forensic analysis. In this context, this work constitutes the inaugural demonstration of an efficient methodology for the selective detection of LSD, NBOHs, and NBOMes, utilizing a fully 3D-printed electrochemical double cell (3D-EDC).

Novel disposable and portable 3D-printed electrochemical apparatus for fast and selective screening of 25E-NBOH in forensic samples.

The advent of new psychoactive substances (NPS) has caused enormous difficulty for legal control since they are rapidly commercialized, and their chemical structures are routinely altered. In this aspect, derivatives phenethylamines, such as 25E-NBOH, have received great attention in the forensic scenario. Hence, we propose portable and cost-effective (U$ 5.

Environmentally Friendly New Catalyst Using Waste Alkaline Solution from Aluminum Production for the Synthesis of Biodiesel in Aqueous Medium.

Red mud (RM) is composed of a waste alkaline solution (pH = 13.3) obtained from the production of alumina. It contains high concentrations of hematite (FeO), goethite (FeOOH), gibbsite [Al(OH)], a boehmite (AlOOH), anatase (Tetragonal-TiO), rutile (Ditetragonal dipyramidal-TiO), hydrogarnets [CaAl(SiO)(OH)], quartz (SiO), and perovskite (CaTiO).

Electrochemical platform produced by 3D printing for analysis of small volumes using different electrode materials.

Fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing is a promising additive manufacturing technique to produce low-cost disposable electrochemical devices. However, the print of devices like well-known screen-printed electrodes (all electrodes on the same device) is difficult using the available technology (few materials available for production of working electrodes). In this paper we present a procedure to produce disposable and robust electrochemical devices by FDM 3D printing that allows reproducible analysis of small volumes (50-2000 μL).

Electrochemical detection of mephedrone using a graphene screen-printed electrode: a new sensitive and selective approach to identify synthetic cathinones in forensic analysis.

Mephedrone (MEP) is an illicit stimulant drug that belongs to the synthetic cathinone (SC) class, which has been widely used for recreational purposes and reported in forensic analysis. The preliminary identification of MEP and other SCs in seized samples is of great interest for forensic investigation and a fast and simple screening test for these drugs would be useful for on-site and in-house analyses. In this study, we present the electrochemical detection of MEP in forensic samples using, for the first time, independent redox processes of SCs on a graphene screen-printed electrode (SPE-GP).

Tandem Transesterification-Esterification Reactions Using a Hydrophilic Sulfonated Silica Catalyst for the Synthesis of Wintergreen Oil from Acetylsalicylic Acid Promoted by Microwave Irradiation.

SiO-SOH, with a surface area of 115 m/g and pore volume of 0.38 cmg, and 1.32 mmol H/g was used as a 20% / catalyst for the preparation of methyl salicylate (wintergreen oil or MS) from acetylsalicylic acid (ASA).

Development of a simple and rapid screening method for the detection of 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine in forensic samples.

1-(3-chlorophenyl) piperazine (mCPP) is a synthetic drug with hallucinogenic effects that has often been found in seized samples. In this context, easy to use point-of-care tests can be of great value in preliminary forensic analysis. Herein, we proposed a simple, fast, and portable electrochemical method for the detection of mCPP in seized samples.

3,4-Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) Sensing Based on Electropolymerized Molecularly Imprinted Polymers on Silver Nanoparticles and Carboxylated Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes.

3,4-methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) is a harmful and controlled synthetic cathinone used as a psychostimulant drug and as sport-enhancing substance. A sensor was developed for the direct analysis of MDPV by transducing its oxidation signal by means of an electropolymerized molecularly imprinted polymer (e-MIP) built in-situ on the screen-printed carbon electrode's (SPCE) surface previously covered with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and silver nanoparticles (AgNPs). Benzene-1,2-diamine was used as the functional monomer while the analyte was used as the template monomer.

Dehydration of D-fructose to 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural in DMSO using a hydrophilic sulfonated silica catalyst in a process promoted by microwave irradiation.

SiO-SOH, with a surface area of 115 m/g, pore volumes of 0.38 cmg and 1.32 mmol H/g, was used as a 10% w/w catalyst for the preparation of 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furfural (HMF) from fructose.

Efficient Enzyme-Free Biomimetic Sensors for Natural Phenol Detection.

The development of sensors and biosensors based on copper enzymes and/or copper oxides for phenol sensing is disclosed in this work. The electrochemical properties were studied by cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry using standard solutions of potassium ferrocyanide, phosphate/acetate buffers and representative natural phenols in a wide pH range (3.0 to 9.

Simultaneous determination of caffeine, paracetamol, and ibuprofen in pharmaceutical formulations by high-performance liquid chromatography with UV detection and by capillary electrophoresis with conductivity detection.

Paracetamol, caffeine and ibuprofen are found in over-the-counter pharmaceutical formulations. In this work, we propose two new methods for simultaneous determination of paracetamol, caffeine and ibuprofen in pharmaceutical formulations. One method is based on high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection and the other on capillary electrophoresis with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection.

Development of a sensor for L-Dopa based on Co(DMG)(2)ClPy/multi-walled carbon nanotubes composite immobilized on basal plane pyrolytic graphite electrode.

L-Dopa is the immediate precursor of the neurotransmitter dopamine, being the most widely prescribed drug in the treatment of Parkinson's disease. A sensitive and selective method is presented for the voltammetric determination of L-Dopa in pharmaceutical formulations using a basal plane pyrolytic graphite (BPPG) electrode modified with chloro(pyridine)bis(dimethylglyoximato)cobalt(III) (Co(DMG)(2)ClPy) absorbed in a multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT). Scanning Electron Microscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy were used to characterize the materials.