Expression of Immune Response Markers in Arab Patients With Lung Cancer.

Purpose: Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is a marker for checkpoint inhibitor use in the management of solid tumors, especially in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Our study was aimed at determining the patterns of PD-L1 expression and cluster of differentiation 8 (CD8) immunostains in patients with NSCLC in the Arab population.

Methods: Archival tumor tissue from patients with a confirmed diagnosis of NSCLC were obtained and stained for PD-L1 with antibody 22C3, using immunohistochemistry staining and giving the tumor proportion score (TPS) as a percentage from 0%-100% of stained tumor cells.

Pancreatobiliary duct brushing cytopathology: an analysis of the CAP Non-Gynecologic Cytology (NGC) program for pancreatic pathology 2000-2011.

Introduction: The College of American Pathologists (CAP, Northfield, Illinois) monitors performance in cytologic analysis to evaluate the standard of practice and consider strategies for method improvement.

Materials And Methods: 5700 responses to 97 pancreatobiliary tract brushing slide challenges were collected by the CAP Non-Gynecologic Cytopathology (NGC) Program, between 2000 and 2011. Analysis examined participant agreement with the general diagnostic categories of benign or malignant.

Performance Characteristics of Adenoid Cystic Carcinoma of the Salivary Glands in Fine-Needle Aspirates: Results From the College of American Pathologists Nongynecologic Cytology Program.

Context: Although the cytomorphology of adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) has been well described, the accuracy of this diagnosis in fine-needle aspirates (FNAs) of the salivary glands has not been extensively evaluated.

Objective: To assess participants' responses in the College of American Pathologists (CAP) Nongynecologic Cytology (NGC) Program to determine the accuracy and false-negative rate of ACC cases in salivary gland FNAs.

Design: A retrospective review of the CAP NGC Program's cumulative data from 2000-2010 was performed for the general and the specific reference diagnosis categories for ACC in salivary gland FNAs according to preparation and participant types.

Cytopathology of pulmonary adenocarcinoma with a single histological pattern using the proposed International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer/American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society (IASLC/ATS/ERS) classification.

Background: Guidelines for histological subtyping in patients with surgically resected lung adenocarcinoma (ADC) were recently proposed by the International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer/American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society. The objective of the current study was to investigate the cytomorphology of these subtypes of ADC in cases with matched histology specimens demonstrating a single pure subtype.

Methods: The authors reviewed their database for patients with histological diagnoses of primary lung ADC with a single histological pattern observed on surgical resection and investigated the cytological findings in 18 matched cytology specimens to eliminate sampling issues in cases of mixed ADC.

Do liquid-based preparations of pulmonary bronchial brushing specimens perform differently from classically prepared cases for the diagnosis of malignancies? Observations from the College of American Pathologists interlaboratory comparison program in nongynecologic cytology.

Context: Pulmonary bronchial brushing specimens can be processed by liquid-based or conventional methods. The ability to accurately diagnose a pulmonary malignancy with a liquid-based preparation (LBP) versus a conventional preparation may differ.

Objective: To compare the performance of LBPs of malignant pulmonary bronchial brushing specimens with the performance of conventional preparations.

Pancreatic fine-needle aspiration cytopathology: an analysis of the CAP NGC program for pancreatic FNA 2003-2011.

Introduction: The College of American Pathologists monitors quality in cytologic analysis in its nongynecologic cytology sample program. We report the performance of participating laboratories in pancreatic fine-needle aspiration sample analysis.

Materials And Methods: We evaluated 23,079 responses to 392 pancreatic fine-needle aspiration slide challenges that were collected between January 6, 2003 and December 31, 2011.

Correlation of cytomorphology and molecular findings in EGFR+, KRAS+, and ALK+ lung carcinomas.

Objectives: There is increasing emphasis on the subclassification of non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLCs) and molecular features to guide treatment. Histologic studies have suggested some morphologic features predominating in tumors. Our aim was to determine if mutated cases had distinct cytomorphology.

Diagnostic digital cytopathology: Are we ready yet?

Background: The cytology literature relating to diagnostic accuracy using whole slide imaging is scarce. We studied the diagnostic concordance between glass and digital slides among diagnosticians with different profiles to assess the readiness of adopting digital cytology in routine practice.

Materials And Methods: This cohort consisted of 22 de-identified previously screened and diagnosed cases, including non-gynecological and gynecological slides using standard preparations.

Screening and dotting virtual slides: A new challenge for cytotechnologists.

Digital images are increasingly being used in cytopathology. Whole-slide imaging (WSI) is a digital imaging modality that uses computerized technology to scan and convert entire cytology glass slides into digital images that can be viewed on a digital display using the image viewer software. Digital image acquisition of cytology glass slides has improved significantly over the years due to the use of liquid-based preparations and advances in WSI scanning technology such as automatic multipoint pre-scan focus technology or z-stack scanning technology.

Primary pulmonary non-small cell carcinomas: the College of American Pathologists Interlaboratory Comparison Program confirms a significant trend toward subcategorization based upon fine-needle aspiration cytomorphology alone.

Context.-Subtyping of non-small cell lung carcinomas (NSCLCs) is necessary for optimal patient management with specific diagnoses triggering specific molecular tests and affecting therapy. Objective.

Cytopathology of extracranial ectopic and metastatic meningiomas.

Introduction: Extracranial meningiomas may infrequently be encountered as ectopic or metastatic tumors. Their rarity and unique cytomorphology often pose significant diagnostic dilemmas. The aim of this study was to report our experience with a series of ectopic and metastatic meningiomas, characterizing their cytomorphology with histological correlation.

Implementation of the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology: observations from the 2011 thyroid supplemental questionnaire of the College of American Pathologists.

Context: Although information about the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (TBSRTC) has been widely disseminated since its inception in 2007, the extent of its implementation and impact on daily practice has not been formally evaluated.

Objectives: To assess the extent of uptake of TBSRTC across pathology laboratories and to evaluate its impact on daily practice by collating participant responses to the 2011 supplemental thyroid questionnaire of the College of American Pathologists.

Design: A questionnaire was designed to gather information about various aspects of TBSRTC and mailed in June 2011 to 2063 laboratories participating in the College of American Pathologists cytopathology interlaboratory comparison program.

Evaluation of endobronchial ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspirations (EBUS-FNA): correlation with adequacy and histologic follow-up.

Background: Endobronchial ultrasound-guided fine-needle aspiration (EBUS-FNA) is a minimally invasive modality for diagnosing mediastinal lesions. When determining adequacy, EBUS-FNAs are evaluated for diagnostic material or sufficient lymphoid tissue. In this study, the authors evaluated their experience with EBUS-FNAs and correlated the findings with adequacy and histologic follow-up.

Cytomorphology of unusual primary tumors in the Pap test.

Rare entities in the Pap test, which include neoplastic and non-neoplastic conditions, pose challenges due to the infrequent occurrence of many of these entities in the daily practice of cytology. Furthermore, these conditions give rise to important diagnostic pitfalls to be aware of in the Pap test. For example, cases with adenoma malignum (AM) have been called benign.

Indeterminate pediatric thyroid fine needle aspirations: a study of 68 cases.

Objective: The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (TBSRTC) provides a reporting scheme for thyroid fine needle aspiration (FNA) and includes three indeterminate categories with different management strategies. This study analyzes indeterminate thyroid FNAs in children, and correlates these findings with the histological features.

Methods: A total of 179 thyroid FNA specimens were retrieved from children.

Cytomorphology of Boerhaave's syndrome: A critical value in cytology.

Spontaneous esophageal perforation into the pleural cavity (Boerhaave's syndrome) is a rare life-threatening condition, which requires early diagnosis and urgent management. The diagnosis of such critical condition in many cases is delayed because of atypical clinical presentation, resulting in increased morbidity and mortality. Cytological examination of pleural fluid can provide early, fast and accurate diagnosis of such critical condition and help in better and early management of this disease.

The cytological features of mammary analogue secretory carcinoma: a series of 6 molecularly confirmed cases.

Background: Mammary analogue secretory carcinoma (MASC) of the salivary glands is a newly described tumor entity associated with the t(12;15)(p13;q25) ETV6-NTRK3 translocation. Early studies have shown this tumor to be a distinct entity with histologic, biologic, and clinical differences from acinic cell carcinoma and adenocarcinoma, not otherwise specified. Because this tumor was described only recently, it remains relatively unknown outside of head and neck specialty pathology centers.

Cytomorphology of unusual infectious entities in the Pap test.

Rare entities in the Pap test, including neoplastic and non-neoplastic conditions, pose challenges due to their infrequent occurrence in the daily practice of cytology. Furthermore, these conditions give rise to important diagnostic pitfalls. Infections such as tuberculosis cervicitis may be erroneously diagnosed as carcinoma, whereas others, such as schistosomiasis, are associated with squamous cell carcinoma.

Cytomorphological and molecular genetic findings in pediatric thyroid fine-needle aspiration.

Background: The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology is largely based on data from adult studies. Although thyroid nodules in children are rare, the rate of malignancy is high. The authors' aim was to analyze the cytomorphology and mutational profiles in pediatric thyroid fine-needle aspirations (FNAs).

Vegetable cell contaminants in urinary bladder diversion cytology specimens.

Objective: We identified unique vegetable cell-like structures in urinary diversion specimens. This study aimed to describe their cytomorphology and prevalence and to investigate the possible origin of these contaminants.

Study Design: A 10-year retrospective review of urinary diversion urine specimens with reported vegetable cell-like structures was performed.

Benign non-infectious causes of lymphadenopathy: A review of cytomorphology and differential diagnosis.

Fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy is a quick, cost-effective, and safe diagnostic modality that provides answers to guide treatment and management in patients with lymphadenopathy. In adults and children, there are a range of non-neoplastic, non-infectious etiologies for lymphadenopathy. These include reactive lymphoid hyperplasia (RLH), dermatopathic lymphadenitis (DLN), Rosai-Dorfman disease, Castleman disease, Kimura disease, Kikuchi-Fujimoto disease, and lymphadenopathy associated with autoimmune and metabolic/storage disease.