Immune Checkpoint Inhibitor-Associated Cutaneous Adverse Events: Mechanisms of Occurrence.

Immunotherapy, particularly that based on blocking checkpoint proteins in many tumors, including melanoma, Merkel cell carcinoma, non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), triple-negative breast (TNB cancer), renal cancer, and gastrointestinal and endometrial neoplasms, is a therapeutic alternative to chemotherapy. Immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI)-based therapies have the potential to target different pathways leading to the destruction of cancer cells. Although ICIs are an effective treatment strategy for patients with highly immune-infiltrated cancers, the development of different adverse effects including cutaneous adverse effects during and after the treatment with ICIs is common.

Non-Receptor Tyrosine Kinases: Their Structure and Mechanistic Role in Tumor Progression and Resistance.

Protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) function as key molecules in the signaling pathways in addition to their impact as a therapeutic target for the treatment of many human diseases, including cancer. PTKs are characterized by their ability to phosphorylate serine, threonine, or tyrosine residues and can thereby rapidly and reversibly alter the function of their protein substrates in the form of significant changes in protein confirmation and affinity for their interaction with protein partners to drive cellular functions under normal and pathological conditions. PTKs are classified into two groups: one of which represents tyrosine kinases, while the other one includes the members of the serine/threonine kinases.

Causes of Oral Granulomatous Disorders: An Update and Narrative Review of the Literature.

Granulomatous diseases include a diverse range of chronic inflammatory disorders with a wide variety of pathologies and clinical characteristics. In particular, the orofacial region can be affected by granulomatous conditions-whether as an isolated disease or as part of a systemic disorder. Regardless of the nature of the disease or its mechanism of development, precise diagnosis can be challenging, as etiopathogenesis may be driven by several causes.

Oral manifestations of anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis: an update and narrative review of the literature.

Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitis (AAV) is a multisystem disorder of small blood vessels subdivided into granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA), microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), and eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis (EGPA). Oral manifestations (OMs) have been reported to include mucosal ulceration, gingival enlargement, alveolar bone necrosis, tooth loss, oro-antral communication, palatal perforation, parotitis, and candidal infection mainly in GPA. They may appear during the course of the disease, as a disease flare-up, or as the presenting sign.

EBV-positive B-cell ulcerative proliferation in the oral cavity associated with EBV-negative follicular lymphoma in a patient with common variable immunodeficiency: A case report and review of the literature.

Lymphoproliferative disorders (LPDs) are a group of conditions characterized by excessive production of lymphocytes manifested in various patterns including lymphadenopathy, tumor-like lesions, and lymphomas. LPD may be stimulated by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection that most commonly appears in the setting of immunocompromised status such as long-term use of immunosuppressive medications and in individuals with primary immunodeficiency disorders. EBV mucocutaneous ulcer is a benign LPD reaction that mostly regresses spontaneously but sometimes requires medical or surgical intervention.

Why do students skip classroom lectures: A single dental school report.

Background: Conventional classroom lectures continue to represent a major component of the dental education system to ensure optimum delivery of knowledge. Certain number of students are less compliant and likely to skip classes which may impact the overall academic performance. The aim of this study was to investigate dental students' attitude towards classroom attendance and potential reasons for absenteeism at King Abdulaziz University-Faculty of Dentistry (KAU-FD).