Predictive model using autism diagnostic observation schedule, second edition for differential diagnosis between schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder.

Background: Although schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are currently conceptualized as distinct disorders, the similarity in their symptoms often makes differential diagnosis difficult. This study aimed to identify similarities and differences in the symptoms of schizophrenia and ASD to establish a more useful and objective differential diagnostic method and to identify ASD traits in participants with schizophrenia.

Methods: A total of 40 participants with schizophrenia (13 females, mean age: 34 ± 11 years) and 50 participants with ASD (15 females, mean age: 34 ± 8 years) were evaluated using the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Second Edition (ADOS-2) and other clinical measures.

Obesity-associated factors in psychiatric outpatients: A multicenter questionnaire survey.

The prevalence of obesity is increasing worldwide, resulting in various health issues such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, diabetes mellitus, heart disease, and a lower life expectancy. Importantly, several psychiatric disorders and the use of psychotropic medications have been linked to obesity, and the possible risk factors need further investigation. This study examined the prevalence of obesity and its associated factors using a self-administered questionnaire.

Gaze measurements during viewing human dialogue scenes in adults with ADHD: Preliminary findings.

Aim: Eye gaze measurement to human dialogue scenes in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) was investigated. We examined whether eye gaze measurement might be a biological marker of ADHD.

Methods: Twenty-two individuals with ADHD (mean age, 34.

Effects of Gaze Cues on Distributive Behavior of the Ultimatum Game in Adults With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder.

Adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have difficulty in social decision-making. The ultimatum game (UG) is a popular economic game used to evaluate social decision-making. This study aimed to examine the effects of schematically depicted eyes and ADHD symptoms on UG performance.

Mind wandering in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Preliminary evaluation using the Mind Excessively Wandering Scale in a Japanese clinical population.

Aim: Mind wandering (MW) has been closely associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); however, the field remains understudied in Japan. The present study examined MW in adults with ADHD using the Mind Excessively Wandering Scale (MEWS) in a Japanese clinical population.

Methods: Fifty-two adults with ADHD (mean age, 33.

ASD symptoms in adults with ADHD: a comparative study using ADOS-2.

In this study, we examined autism spectrum disorder (ASD) symptoms in adults with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in comparison with normal controls using the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule, Second Edition (ADOS-2). Sixty-three adults with ADHD (mean age, 35.3 years; 38 men) and 31 controls (mean age, 38.

ASD symptoms in adults with ADHD: a preliminary study using the ADOS-2.

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has long been regarded as disparate and mutually exclusive to autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-III-R and DSM-IV. However, this idea has become obsolete due to a growing body of evidence suggesting numerous phenotypic and genetic similarities between ADHD and ASD. ASD symptoms or autistic traits in individuals with ADHD have been examined; however, most studies were conducted on children and relied on self- or parent- reports.

Similarity of subjective symptoms between autism spectrum disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in adults: Preliminary findings.

Aim: The purpose of this study was to examine the symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in the adult clinical population using the Autism-Spectrum Quotient (AQ) and the Adult ADHD Rating Scales self-report screening version (CAARS-S:SV).

Methods: We included 50 adults with ASD and 52 with ADHD diagnosed using the DSM-5 criteria. Clinical symptoms were evaluated using the AQ and CAARS-S:SV.

Neuropsychological characteristics of adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder without intellectual disability.

Aims: While several studies have reported various cognitive impairments in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, the neuropsychological profiles of adults with this disorder are understudied. Here, the intelligence and memory functions of adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder without intellectual disability were evaluated.

Methods: The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Third Edition and Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised were administered to 30 adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder whose full-scale intelligence quotients were >85.

Spontaneous theory of mind in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Spontaneous theory of mind (ToM) is an unconscious and automatic understanding of others' mental states. Recently, individuals with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have been shown to have social and communication difficulties, and ToM in ADHD has come under scrutiny. Although some studies have employed explicit ToM tasks to this end with contradictory results, none, to our knowledge, has investigated spontaneous ToM in individuals with ADHD.

Clinical Characteristics of Women with ADHD in Japan.

Purpose: Although gender differences have been reported in various aspects of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), such as prevalence, comorbidities, and social functioning, there have been few such studies conducted in Japan. Our research investigated gender differences in sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of adults with ADHD in a Japanese clinical sample. Due to unique Japanese cultural ideals and expectations of women's behavior that are in opposition to ADHD symptoms, we hypothesized that women with ADHD experience more difficulties and present more dysfunctions than men.

[Biological Mechanisms of ADHD].

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inappropriate levels of inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity. Recent developments in neuroimaging and functional brain studies have revealed volumetric reductions and decreased neural activities in the frontal lobe, basal ganglia, limbic system, and cerebellum. Based on these findings, impairment of executive function and the reward system, reffered to as the dual pathway model, and dysfunction of the default mode network have been proposed as biological changes underlying ADHD.