Capturing clinically relevant attributes through direct whole genome sequencing of stool.

is the leading bacterial cause of infectious intestinal disease, but the pathogen typically accounts for a very small proportion of the overall stool microbiome in each patient. Diagnosis is even more difficult due to the fastidious nature of in the laboratory setting. This has, in part, driven a change in recent years, from culture-based to rapid PCR-based diagnostic assays which have improved diagnostic detection, whilst creating a knowledge gap in our clinical and epidemiological understanding of genotypes - no isolates to sequence.

Sticking together: independent evolution of biofilm formation in different species of staphylococci has occurred multiple times via different pathways.

Background: Staphylococci cause a wide range of infections, including implant-associated infections which are difficult to treat due to the presence of biofilms. Whilst some proteins involved in biofilm formation are known, the differences in biofilm production between staphylococcal species remains understudied. Currently biofilm formation by Staphylococcus aureus is better understood than other members of the genus as more research has focused on this species.

High diversity in retail chicken: epidemiologically important strains may be missed with current sampling methods.

spp. are leading bacterial gastroenteritis pathogens. Infections are largely underreported, and the burden of outbreaks may be underestimated.

Cancer invasion and anaerobic bacteria: new insights into mechanisms.

There is growing evidence that altered microbiota abundance of a range of specific anaerobic bacteria are associated with cancer, including spp., spp., spp.

A One Health Perspective on Salmonella enterica Serovar Infantis, an Emerging Human Multidrug-Resistant Pathogen.

Salmonella enterica serovar Infantis presents an ever-increasing threat to public health because of its spread throughout many countries and association with high levels of antimicrobial resistance (AMR). We analyzed whole-genome sequences of 5,284 Salmonella Infantis strains from 74 countries, isolated during 1989-2020 from a wide variety of human, animal, and food sources, to compare genetic phylogeny, AMR determinants, and plasmid presence. The global Salmonella Infantis population structure diverged into 3 clusters: a North American cluster, a European cluster, and a global cluster.

A decade of Campylobacter and Campylobacter bacteraemias in a district general hospital and the surrounding London and South East region, England.

Background: Campylobacter bacteraemia is a rare complication of the most common bacterial gastrointestinal infection but is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. There is limited data describing current trends in surveillance and antimicrobial resistance for the Campylobacter strains involved. At the Epsom and St Helier's University Hospital (ESTH), we noted a marked increase in Campylobacter bacteraemia infections in 2021.

Characterisation of neonatal NRCS-A isolates compared with non NRCS-A from neonates and adults.

is a frequent cause of late-onset sepsis in neonates admitted to Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICU). One clone of , NRCS-A has been isolated from NICUs globally although the reasons for the global success of this clone are not well understood.We analysed a collection of colonising babies admitted to two NICUs, one in the UK and one in Germany as well as corresponding pathological clinical isolates.

A global genomic analysis of Salmonella Concord reveals lineages with high antimicrobial resistance in Ethiopia.

Antimicrobial resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Concord (S. Concord) is known to cause severe gastrointestinal and bloodstream infections in patients from Ethiopia and Ethiopian adoptees, and occasional records exist of S. Concord linked to other countries.

An In-Depth Analysis of Providers and Services of Cancellation in Anesthesia Reveals a Complex Picture after Systemic Analysis.

The variances in operating room (OR) cancellation rates between different service lines and operators within these service lines were assessed by reviewing the electronic medical record (EMR) covering 34,561 cases performed by 199 OR operators in 2018. We assumed that cancellations would differ between different service lines, but the between-operators variance was minimal within the service line. We hypothesized that most variability would be secondary to patient-specific (weekdays, time of year, and national holidays), seasonal and administrative issues.

Genome-wide analysis of genes involved in efflux function and regulation within and serovar Typhimurium.

The incidence of multidrug-resistant bacteria is increasing globally, with efflux pumps being a fundamental platform limiting drug access and synergizing with other mechanisms of resistance. Increased expression of efflux pumps is a key feature of most cells that are resistant to multiple antibiotics. Whilst expression of efflux genes can confer benefits, production of complex efflux systems is energetically costly and the expression of efflux is highly regulated, with cells balancing benefits against costs.

Impact of genome rearrangement on gene expression.

In addition to nucleotide variation, many bacteria also undergo changes at a much larger scale via rearrangement of their genome structure (GS) around long repeat sequences. These rearrangements result in genome fragments shifting position and/or orientation in the genome without necessarily affecting the underlying nucleotide sequence. To date, scalable techniques have not been applied to GS identification, so it remains unclear how extensive this variation is and the extent of its impact upon gene expression.

Comparative genomics of Campylobacter jejuni from clinical campylobacteriosis stool specimens.

Background: Campylobacter jejuni is a pervasive pathogen of major public health concern with a complex ecology requiring accurate and informative approaches to define pathogen diversity during outbreak investigations. Source attribution analysis may be confounded if the genetic diversity of a C. jejuni population is not adequately captured in a single specimen.

Determination and quantification of microbial communities and antimicrobial resistance on food through host DNA-depleted metagenomics.

Food products carry bacteria unless specifically sterilised. These bacteria can be pathogenic, commensal or associated with food spoilage, and may also be resistant to antimicrobials. Current methods for detecting bacteria on food rely on culturing for specific bacteria, a time-consuming process, or 16S rRNA metabarcoding that can identify different taxa but not their genetic content.

Concomitant elevated serum levels of tenascin, MMP-9 and YKL-40, suggest ongoing remodeling of the heart up to 3 months after cardiac surgery after normalization of the revascularization markers.

Background: The recovery from cardiac surgery involves resolving inflammation and remodeling with significant connective tissue turnover. Dynamics of smoldering inflammation and injury (white blood cells, platelets, CRP, IL-8, IL-6), vascular inflammation (IL-15, VEGF, RANTES), connective tissue remodeling (tenascin, MMP-9), cardiac injury and remodeling (YKL-40), and vascular remodeling (epiregulin, MCP-1, VEGF) were assessed up to 3 months after cardiac surgery. We hypothesize that at 3 months, studied markers will return to pre-surgical levels.

Use of Vitex doniana (black plum) and Abutilon hirtum (Florida keys) extracts as an integral part of phytomedicine in tackling multidrug-resistant Salmonella.

Introduction: The high prevalence and global spread of antibiotic resistance is driving the search for new antibacterial agents. Screening small molecules against specific bacterial targets has not yielded new compounds therefore functional assays and phenotypic screens are now being used. In Nigeria, drug resistance towards Salmonella is a major public health concern.

Operation analysis of the tele-critical care service demonstrates value delivery, service adaptation over time, and distress among tele-providers.

Background: Our study addresses the gaps in knowledge of the characterizations of operations by remote tele-critical care medicine (tele-CCM) service providers interacting with the bedside team. The duration of engagements, the evolution of the tele-CCM service over time, and the distress during interactions with the bedside team have not been characterized systematically. These characteristics are critical for planning the deployment of teleICU services and preventing burnout among remote teleICU providers.

Substrate Utilisation and Energy Metabolism in Non-Growing M1cam.

, the major cause of bacterial foodborne illness, is also a fastidious organism that requires strict growth requirements in the laboratory. Our aim was to study substrate utilisation and energy metabolism in non-growing to investigate the ability of these bacteria to survive so effectively in the food chain. We integrated phenotypic microarrays and genome-scale metabolic modelling (GSM) to investigate the survival of on 95 substrates.

Pilot of rapid implementation of the advanced practice provider in the workflow of an existing tele-critical care program.

Incorporating the advanced practice provider (APP) in the delivery of tele critical care medicine (teleCCM) addresses the critical care provider shortage. However, the current literature lacks details of potential workflows, deployment difficulties and implementation outcomes while suggesting that expanding teleCCM service may be difficult. Here, we demonstrate the implementation of a telemedicine APP (eAPP) pilot service within an existing teleCCM program with the objective of determining the feasibility and ease of deployment.

Microbiomes of Urine and the Prostate Are Linked to Human Prostate Cancer Risk Groups.

Background: Bacteria play a suspected role in the development of several cancer types, and associations between the presence of particular bacteria and prostate cancer have been reported.

Objective: To provide improved characterisation of the prostate and urine microbiome and to investigate the prognostic potential of the bacteria present.

Design, Setting, And Participants: Microbiome profiles were interrogated in sample collections of patient urine (sediment microscopy: n = 318, 16S ribosomal amplicon sequencing: n = 46; and extracellular vesicle RNA-seq: n = 40) and cancer tissue (n = 204).

Genome-Scale Metabolic Modelling Approach to Understand the Metabolism of the Opportunistic Human Pathogen RP62A.

is a common commensal of collagen-rich regions of the body, such as the skin, but also represents a threat to patients with medical implants (joints and heart), and to preterm babies. Far less studied than , the mechanisms behind this increasingly recognised pathogenicity are yet to be fully understood. Improving our knowledge of the metabolic processes that allow to colonise different body sites is key to defining its pathogenic potential.

Considerations for Cannabinoids in Perioperative Care by Anesthesiologists.

Increased usage of recreational and medically indicated cannabinoid compounds has been an undeniable reality for anesthesiologists in recent years. These compounds' complicated pharmacology, composition, and biological effects result in challenging issues for anesthesiologists during different phases of perioperative care. Here, we review the existing formulation of cannabinoids and their biological activity to put them into the context of the anesthesia plan execution.

Quantitative bacterial counts in the bone marrow of Vietnamese patients with typhoid fever.

Background: Bone marrow culture (BMC) is the reference standard for typhoid fever diagnosis. We studied the additional yield of BMC over blood culture (BC) and the relationship between quantitative BMC counts and severe disease.

Methods: Hospitalised Vietnamese patients with suspected typhoid fever were prospectively investigated with a BC, BMC, faecal culture and quantitative BMC counts.

Massively parallel transposon mutagenesis identifies temporally essential genes for biofilm formation in .

Biofilms complete a life cycle where cells aggregate, grow and produce a structured community before dispersing to colonize new environments. Progression through this life cycle requires temporally controlled gene expression to maximize fitness at each stage. Previous studies have largely focused on identifying genes essential for the formation of a mature biofilm; here, we present an insight into the genes involved at different stages of biofilm formation.