Bronchoscopic management as an alternative treatment in non-operable benign tracheal stenosis.

Background: Endoluminal therapy either by dilatation, scar tissue resection or stent insertion is an established treatment for non-malignant airway stenosis although the surgical approach is still considered the "gold standard." No clear consensus exists on the structured role of each modality.

Aims: We aimed to investigate the role of bronchoscopic management in non-operable tracheal stenosis cases, evaluating the effectiveness and safety of each procedure based on a structured algorithmic approach.