MERS-CoV Infection and Its Impact on the Expression of TSLP Cytokine and IgG Antibodies: An In Vivo and In Vitro Study.

Purpose: Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) is a proinflammatory cytokine produced by epithelial cells that is involved in the activation of allergic disorders. To date, no study has examined TSLP induction during Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) infection. Herein, we aimed to study the effects of the recombinant spike protein of MERS-CoV on TSLP production.

Mutations at the conserved N-Terminal of the human Rhinovirus capsid gene VP4, and their impact on the immune response.

Rhinoviruses (RV) are the major cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and are associated with exacerbation development as well as community-acquired pneumonia in children, leading to substantial morbidity, mortality, and hospital admission. Here we have examined how changes at the amino terminal of the conserved VP4 epitope of different RV serotypes may affect pulmonary cytokine and chemokine responses and disease severity. Samples positive for rhinovirus were used for genetic characterization, followed by profiling gene expression of pulmonary Th1 and Th2 cytokines/chemokines by RT-PCR arrays.

Immunomodulatory effects of BAFF and APRIL cytokines in post-pulmonary infection lung cancer: Implications for drug resistance and progression.

Lung cancer is a complicated and challenging disease and is one of the most common causes of cancer-related mortality worldwide. Within the lung microenvironment, specific cytokines, including the B cell activation factor (BAFF) and the A proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL), are produce by various cells, notably airway epithelial cells, in response allergic inflammation or pulmonary infection. These cytokines play a critical role in maintaining local immune responses and fostering the survival of immune cells.

Silver Nanoparticles Derived from Probiotic Lactobacillus casei-a Novel Approach for Combating Bacterial Infections and Cancer.

In the face of rising antibiotic resistance and the need for novel therapeutic approaches against cancer, the present study delves into the various facets of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) derived from the probiotic strain Lactobacillus casei (AgNPs-LC), assessing their efficacy in combating bacterial infections, disrupting biofilm formation, interfering with quorum sensing mechanisms, and exhibiting anti-cancer properties. The results showed that the AgNPs-LC had a spherical shape with an average size of 15 nm. The biosynthesized AgNPs-LC showed a symmetrical absorption spectrum with a peak at 458 nm with a diameter of 5-20 nm.

Antioxidant, LC-MS Analysis, and Cholinesterase Inhibitory Potentials of Cultivar Khudari: An In Vitro Enzyme Kinetics and In Silico Study.

We evaluated the therapeutic potentials of Khudari fruit pulp, a functional food and cultivar of , against neurological disorders. Our results demonstrate a good amount of phytochemicals (total phenolic content: 17.77 ± 8.

The role of cross-reactive immunity to emerging coronaviruses: Implications for novel universal mucosal vaccine design.

Host immune response to coronaviruses and the role of cross-reactivity immunity among different coronaviruses are crucial for understanding and combating the continuing COVID-19 outbreak and potential subsequent pandemics. This review paper explores how previous exposure to common cold coronaviruses and more pathogenic coronaviruses may elicit a protective immune response against SARS-CoV-2 infection, and discusses the challenges posed by some variants of concern that may escape current vaccines. It also highlights the need for a mucosal universal vaccine that can induce long-term protection against current and emerging coronaviruses by leveraging cross-reactive immunity.

Elucidating the clinical and immunological value of m6A regulator-mediated methylation modification patterns in adrenocortical carcinoma.

N6-methyladenosine methylation (m6A) is a common type of epigenetic alteration that prominently affects the prognosis of tumor patients. However, it is unknown how the m6A regulator affects the tumor microenvironment (TME) cell infiltration in adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) and how it affects the prognosis of ACC patients yet. The m6A alteration patterns of 112 ACC patients were evaluated, furthermore, the association with immune infiltration cell features was investigated.

Moderately Low Effectiveness of the Influenza Quadrivalent Vaccine: Potential Mismatch between Circulating Strains and Vaccine Strains.

The annual seasonal influenza vaccination is the most effective way of preventing influenza illness and hospitalization. However, the effectiveness of influenza vaccines has always been controversial. Therefore, we investigated the ability of the quadrivalent influenza vaccine to induce effective protection.

Inhibitory Potential of the Phytochemicals on Bruton's Tyrosine Kinase, a Well-Known Drug Target for Treatment of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia: An In Silico Investigation.

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is an incurable neoplasm of B-lymphocytes, which accounts for about one-third of all leukemias. , an herbaceous perennial, is considered as one of the important sources of drugs for the treatment of various diseases, including cancers and autoimmune diseases. The present study was designed to screen various phytochemicals of for discovering their potential to inhibit Bruton's tyrosine kinase (BTK), a well-known drug target of CLL.

Identifying novel and potent inhibitors of EGFR protein for the drug development against the breast cancer.

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) has been shown to be extremely important in numerous signaling pathways, particularly those involved in cancer progression. Many therapeutic inhibitors, consisting of both small molecules and monoclonal antibodies, have been developed to target inflammatory, triple-negative and metastatic breast cancer. With the emergence of resistance in breast cancer treatment strategies, there is a need to develop novel drug targets that not only overcome resistance, but also exhibit low toxicity and high specificity.

Association between the expression of toll-like receptors, cytokines, and homeostatic chemokines in SARS-CoV-2 infection and COVID-19 severity.

The recent identification of the involvement of the immune system response in the severity and mortality of acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection highlights the importance of cytokines and chemokines as important factors in the clinical outcomes of COVID-19. However, the impact and roles of the BAFF/APRIL cytokine system, homeostatic chemokines (CXCL12, CXCL13, CCL19, and CCL21), as well as Toll-like receptor (TLR)-3/4 in COVID-19, have not been investigated. We sought to assess the expression levels and roles of TLR3/4, BAFF, APRIL, IFN-β, homeostatic chemokines (CXCL12, CXCL13, CCL19, and CCL21), SARS-CoV-2 IgG and IgM antibodies in patients with critical (ICU) and non-ICU (mild) COVID-19 and their association with mortality and disease severity.

Analyzing the Difference in the Length of Stay (LOS) in Moderate to Severe COVID-19 Patients Receiving Hydroxychloroquine or Favipiravir.

Background: The coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) disease, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus led to a global pandemic. HCQ and FPV were used early in the pandemic as a treatment modality for COVID-19. Various studies evaluated the HCQ and FPV effectiveness, based on the mortality endpoint and showed conflicting results.

In silico investigations identified Butyl Xanalterate to competently target CK2α (CSNK2A1) for therapy of chronic lymphocytic leukemia.

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is an incurable malignancy of B-cells. In this study, bioinformatics analyses were conducted to identify possible pathogenic roles of CK2α, which is a protein encoded by CSNK2A1, in the progression and aggressiveness of CLL. Furthermore, various computational tools were used to search for a competent inhibitor of CK2α from fungal metabolites that could be proposed for CLL therapy.

Effect of Date Palm () Phytochemicals on Aβ Amyloid Formation: An Analysis.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease and the most prevalent form of dementia. The generation of oxygen free radicals and oxidative damage is believed to be involved in the pathogenesis of AD. It has been suggested that date palm, a plant rich in phenolic compounds and flavonoids, can provide an alternative treatment to fight memory loss and cognitive dysfunction due to its potent antioxidant activity.

Association between inflammatory cytokines/chemokines, clinical laboratory parameters, disease severity and in-hospital mortality in critical and mild COVID-19 patients without comorbidities or immune-mediated diseases.

There are limited data on inflammatory cytokines and chemokines; the humoral immune response; and main clinical laboratory parameters as indicators for disease severity and mortality in patients with critical and mild COVID-19 without comorbidities or immune-mediated diseases in Saudi Arabia. We determined the expression levels of major proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines; C-reactive protein (CRP); procalcitonin; SARS-CoV-2 IgM antibody and twenty-two clinical laboratory parameters and assessed their usefulness as indicators of disease severity and in-hospital death. Our results showed a significant increase in the expression levels of SARS-CoV-2 IgM antibody; IL1-β; IL-6; IL-8; TNF-α and CRP in critical COVID-19 patients; neutrophil count; urea; creatinine and troponin were also increased.

Considerations for Novel COVID-19 Mucosal Vaccine Development.

Mucosal surfaces are the first contact sites of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Most SARS-CoV-2 vaccines induce specific IgG responses but provide limited mucosal immunity. Cytokine B-cell activation factor (BAFF) and A proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) in the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily play key immunological functions during B cell development and antibody production.

Prediction and Classification of COVID-19 Admissions to Intensive Care Units (ICU) Using Weighted Radial Kernel SVM Coupled with Recursive Feature Elimination (RFE).

Healthcare systems have been under immense pressure since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic; hence, studies on using machine learning (ML) methods for classifying ICU admissions and resource allocation are urgently needed. We investigated whether ML can propose a useful classification model for predicting the ICU admissions of COVID-19 patients. In this retrospective study, the clinical characteristics and laboratory findings of 100 patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 tests were retrieved between May 2020 and January 2021.

Durability of SARS-CoV-2 Specific IgG Antibody Responses Following Two Doses of Match and Mixed COVID-19 Vaccines Regimens in Saudi Population.

Background: SARS-CoV-2 pandemic continues to threaten the human population with millions of infections and deaths worldwide. Vaccination campaigns undertaken by several countries have resulted in a notable decrease in hospitalization and deaths. However, with the emergence of new virus variants, it is critical to determine the longevity and the protection efficiency provided by the current authorized vaccines.

Assessment of IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, IL-8, and CCL 5 levels in newly diagnosed Saudi patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic systemic inflammatory disorder which mainly affects small joints, occurs most commonly in middle-aged adults, and can be fatal in severe cases. The exact etiology of RA remains unknown. However, uncontrolled expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines can contribute to the pathogenesis of RA.

Homology Modelling, Molecular Docking and Molecular Dynamics Simulation Studies of CALMH1 against Secondary Metabolites of to Treat Alzheimer's Disease.

Calcium homeostasis modulator 1 (CALHM1) is a protein responsible for causing Alzheimer's disease. In the absence of an experimentally designed protein molecule, homology modelling was performed. Through homology modelling, different CALHM1 models were generated and validated through Rampage.

Soyasapogenol-B as a Potential Multitarget Therapeutic Agent for Neurodegenerative Disorders: Molecular Docking and Dynamics Study.

Neurodegenerative disorders involve various pathophysiological pathways, and finding a solution for these issues is still an uphill task for the scientific community. In the present study, a combination of molecular docking and dynamics approaches was applied to target different pathways leading to neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease. Initially, abrineurin natural inducers were screened using physicochemical properties and toxicity assessment.

Green Synthesis and Anticancer Potential of 1,4-Dihydropyridines-Based Triazole Derivatives: In Silico and In Vitro Study.

A library of 1,4-dihydropyridine-based 1,2,3-triazol derivatives has been designed, synthesized, and evaluated their cytotoxic potential on colorectal adenocarcinoma (Caco-2) cell lines. All compounds were characterized and identified based on their H and C NMR (Nuclear Magnetic Resonance) spectroscopic data. Furthermore, molecular docking of best anticancer hits with target proteins (protein kinase CK2α, tankyrase1, and tankyrase2) has been performed.

Cardiovascular complications and outcomes among athletes with COVID-19 disease: a systematic review.

Background: Current evidence still emerging regarding the risk of cardiovascular (CV) sequel associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection, and considerable replicated studies are needed to ensure safe return-to-play. Therefore, we aimed in this systematic review to measure the prevalence of CV complications suffered by COVID-19 athletic patients, explore the outcomes, optimal approaches to diagnoses, and safe return-to-play considerations.

Methods: A systematic search on post COVID-19 infection quantitative studies among athletes was conducted following MeSH terms in Medline, Cochrane Library, Ovid, Embase and Scopus (through 15 January 2022).

Multiple roles for basement membrane proteins in cancer progression and EMT.

Metastasis or the progression of malignancy poses a major challenge in cancer therapy and is the principal reason for increased mortality. The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of the basement membrane (BM) allows cells of epithelial phenotype to transform into a mesenchymal-like (quasi-mesenchymal) phenotype and metastasize via the lymphovascular system through a metastatic cascade by intravasation and extravasation. This helps in the progression of carcinoma from the primary site to distant organs.

Elucidations of Molecular Mechanism and Mechanistic Effects of Environmental Toxicants in Neurological Disorders.

Due to rising environmental and global public health concerns associated with environmental contamination, human populations are continually being exposed to environmental toxicants, including physical chemical mutagens widespread in our environment causing adverse consequences and inducing a variety of neurological disorders in humans. Physical mutagens comprise ionizing and non-ionizing radiation, such as UV rays, IR rays, X-rays, which produces a broad spectrum of neuronal destruction, including neuroinflammation, genetic instability, enhanced oxidative stress driving mitochondrial damage in the human neuronal antecedent cells, cognitive impairment due to alterations in neuronal function, especially in synaptic plasticity, neurogenesis repression, modifications in mature neuronal networks drives to enhanced neurodegenerative risk. Chemical Mutagens including alkylating agents (EMS, NM, MMS, and NTG), Hydroxylamine, nitrous acid, sodium azide, halouracils are the major toxic mutagen in our environment and have been associated with neurological disorders.