Lung cancer mortality in Australia: Projected outcomes to 2040.

Objectives: The aim was to develop and validate a statistical model which uses past trends for lung cancer mortality and historical and current data on tobacco consumption to project lung cancer mortality rates into the future for Australia.

Methods: We used generalized linear models (GLMs) with Poisson distribution including either age, birth cohort or period, and/or various measures of population tobacco exposure (considering cross-sectional smoking prevalence, cigarettes smoked and tar exposure per capita). Sex-specific models were fitted to data for 1956-2015 and age-standardized lung cancer mortality rates were projected forward to 2040.

Online Family Problem-solving Treatment for Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury.

Background And Objectives: To determine whether online family problem-solving treatment (OFPST) is more effective in improving behavioral outcomes after pediatric traumatic brain injury with increasing time since injury.

Methods: This was an individual participant data meta-analysis of outcome data from 5 randomized controlled trials of OFPST conducted between 2003 and 2016. We included 359 children ages 5 to 18 years who were hospitalized for moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury 1 to 24 months earlier.

Altered metabolic pathways regulate synovial inflammation in rheumatoid arthritis.

Rheumatoid arthritis is characterized by synovial proliferation, neovascularization and leucocyte extravasation leading to joint destruction and functional disability. The blood vessels in the inflamed synovium are highly dysregulated, resulting in poor delivery of oxygen; this, along with the increased metabolic demand of infiltrating immune cells and inflamed resident cells, results in the lack of key nutrients at the site of inflammation. In these adverse conditions synovial cells must adapt to generate sufficient energy to support their proliferation and activation status, and thus switch their cell metabolism from a resting regulatory state to a highly metabolically active state.

Is marine sediment the source of microbes associated with accelerated low water corrosion?

Accelerated low water corrosion (ALWC) is a form of microbiologically influenced corrosion (MIC) associated with the degradation of marine structures around the low tide water level. A better understanding of the role of microbes in this degradation and the source of these microbes is required to improve the prediction and mitigation of the costly failures occurring due to ALWC. The microbial communities present in a sediment sample and on an ALWC tubercle on adjacent steel sheet piling from a tidal estuary were studied using culture-based isolation and metabarcoding.

Examination of Injury, Host, and Social-Environmental Moderators of Online Family Problem Solving Treatment Efficacy for Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury Using an Individual Participant Data Meta-Analytic Approach.

A series of five randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) conducted between 2002 and 2015 support the potential efficacy of online family problem-solving treatment (OFPST) in improving both child and parent/family outcomes after pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, small sample sizes and heterogeneity across individual studies have precluded examination of potentially important moderators. We jointly analyzed individual participant data (IPD) from these five RCTs, involving 359 children and adolescents between the ages of 5 and 18 years, to confirm the role of previously identified moderators (child's age and pre-treatment symptom levels, parental education) and to examine other potential moderators (race, sex, IQ), using IPD meta-analysis.

Validity of bioelectrical impedance analysis in predicting total body water and adiposity among Senegalese school-aged children.

Introduction: Childhood obesity is currently a serious public health challenge in developing countries. Therefore, an accurate assessment of adiposity is required. The objective of this study was to validate BIA prediction equations for the assessment of total body water and adiposity or percentage of body fat for the first time in Senegalese school-aged children.

Parenting Behaviors after Moderate - Severe Traumatic Injury in Early Childhood.

: Examine the impact of traumatic brain injury (TBI) on parenting behavior over time. : Included 206 children (3-7 years old) with moderate to severe TBI or orthopedic injury, using a prospective longitudinal cohort study design. Assessments completed at baseline, 6-months, 12-months, 18-months, 3.

Diagnosis and Management of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury in Children: A Systematic Review.

Importance: In recent years, there has been an exponential increase in the research guiding pediatric mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) clinical management, in large part because of heightened concerns about the consequences of mTBI, also known as concussion, in children. The CDC National Center for Injury Prevention and Control's (NCIPC) Board of Scientific Counselors (BSC), a federal advisory committee, established the Pediatric Mild TBI Guideline workgroup to complete this systematic review summarizing the first 25 years of literature in this field of study.

Objective: To conduct a systematic review of the pediatric mTBI literature to serve as the foundation for an evidence-based guideline with clinical recommendations associated with the diagnosis and management of pediatric mTBI.

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Guideline on the Diagnosis and Management of Mild Traumatic Brain Injury Among Children.

Importance: Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI), or concussion, in children is a rapidly growing public health concern because epidemiologic data indicate a marked increase in the number of emergency department visits for mTBI over the past decade. However, no evidence-based clinical guidelines have been developed to date for diagnosing and managing pediatric mTBI in the United States.

Objective: To provide a guideline based on a previous systematic review of the literature to obtain and assess evidence toward developing clinical recommendations for health care professionals related to the diagnosis, prognosis, and management/treatment of pediatric mTBI.

Altered expression of microRNA-23a in psoriatic arthritis modulates synovial fibroblast pro-inflammatory mechanisms via phosphodiesterase 4B.

Objectives: To investigate the functional role of miR-23a in synovial fibroblasts (SFC) activation in psoriatic arthritis (PsA).

Methods: Differential expression of the miR-23a-27a-24-2 cluster was identified by real-time quantitative PCR in PsA synovial tissue and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) compared to osteoarthritis (OA) and correlated with disease activity. For regulation experiments, PsA synovial fibroblasts (SFC) were cultured with Toll-like receptor (TLR) ligands and pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Cross-Cultural Differences in the Influence of Peers on Exploration During Play.

Certain social context features (e.g., maternal presence) are known to increase young children's exploration, a key process by which they learn.

Benefits of Methylphenidate for Long-Term Attention Problems After Traumatic Brain Injury in Childhood: A Randomized, Double-Masked, Placebo-Controlled, Dose-Titration, Crossover Trial.

Objective: To characterize the benefits and optimal dose of long-acting methylphenidate for management of long-term attention problems after childhood traumatic brain injury (TBI).

Design: Phase 2, randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled, dose-titration, crossover clinical trial.

Setting: Outpatient, clinical research.

Interleukin 12 and interleukin 23 play key pathogenic roles in inflammatory and proliferative pathways in giant cell arteritis.

Objectives: The pathogenesis of giant cell arteritis (GCA) remains unclear. T1 and T17 pathways are implicated, but the proximal initiators and effector cytokines are unknown. Our aim was to assess the role of interleukin 12 (IL-12) and interleukin 23 (IL-23) in GCA pathogenesis.

Social Participation and Navigation (SPAN) program for adolescents with acquired brain injury: Pilot findings.

Purpose/objective: Our goal was to examine the feasibility and preliminary efficacy of an app-based coaching intervention (Social Participation and Navigation; SPAN) to help survivors of acquired brain injury attain social participation goals. Research Method/Design: This is a nonrandomized pilot trial of SPAN, including 15 adolescents (9 with traumatic brain injury, 6 with brain tumor) between the ages of 14-22. The SPAN intervention consisted of a mobile app to support the development and implementation of social participation goals, weekly video-conference coaching sessions to identify goals and step-by-step action plans, and online didactic materials.

Comparative effectiveness of family problem-solving therapy (F-PST) for adolescents after traumatic brain injury: Protocol for a randomized, multicenter, clinical trial.

Introduction: The objective of this manuscript is to describe the methodology that will be used to test the comparative effectiveness, feasibility, and acceptability of three formats of family problem solving therapy (F-PST) for improving functional outcomes of complicated mild to severe adolescent TBI.

Methods: Three-arm comparative effectiveness, randomized clinical trial (RCT) design. We describe the protocol of a three-arm RCT comparing the effectiveness of three modalities of F-PST to reduce executive dysfunction and behavior problems following TBI in adolescence.

Two-year adherence and costs for biologic therapy for rheumatoid arthritis.

Objectives: To evaluate adherence to newly initiated biologic disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs) in effectively treated patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Study Design: Retrospective cohort study of administrative claims data (IMS PharMetrics Plus) for services incurred from July 1, 2008, to December 31, 2014.

Methods: Data from patients with RA aged 18 to 64 years with continuous enrollment for at least 30 months and initiating abatacept, adalimumab, certolizumab pegol, etanercept, golimumab, or infliximab were analyzed.

Flucloxacillin-warfarin interaction: an under-appreciated phenomenon.

Current drug databases do not acknowledge an interaction between warfarin and flucloxacillin although case reports have indicated that flucloxacillin may increase warfarin requirement to maintain therapeutic international normalised ratio (INR). To assess whether flucloxacillin therapy leads to a significant increase in warfarin dose, we conducted a retrospective, observational, cohort study of hospital-in-the-home patients previously stable on warfarin; who were treated with flucloxacillin or other antibiotics for at least 2 weeks between June 2015 and December 2016. The outcome measured was change in average warfarin dose at two time periods: 1 week prior to antibiotic treatment and the final week of antibiotic treatment.

Internet-based Interacting Together Everyday, Recovery After Childhood TBI (I-InTERACT): Protocol for a multi-site randomized controlled trial of an internet-based parenting intervention.

Objectives: We discuss the rationale and description of the Internet-Based Interacting Together Everyday, Recovery After Childhood TBI (I-InTERACT), a telehealth intervention designed to promote positive parenting skills through live in-session skills practice and coaching. A second objective is to describe the protocol of a three-armed (Internet Resource Comparison, I-InTERACT, and I-InTERACT Express) multi-site randomized controlled trial (RCT) designed to examine intervention effectiveness.

Method: Participants included parents of children ages 3-9 who sustained a moderate or severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) any time since birth.

Glucocorticoid Exposure and Fracture Risk in a Cohort of US Patients With Selected Conditions.

The purpose of this work was to evaluate systemic glucocorticoid exposure and fracture among patients with newly-diagnosed inflammatory and immune-modulated conditions. Using administrative data, inception cohorts of rheumatoid arthritis (RA), asthma/chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), multiple sclerosis (MS), lupus, and sarcoidosis patients age 18 to 64 years with benefits coverage ≥12 months before diagnosis (January 1, 2005 to December 31, 2012) were followed to clinical fracture, cancer diagnosis, or December 31, 2012. Glucocorticoid users were new to therapy.

Respiratory Syncytial Virus Hospitalizations among U.S. Preterm Infants Compared with Term Infants Before and After the 2014 American Academy of Pediatrics Guidance on Immunoprophylaxis: 2012-2016.

Objective: The objective of this study was to compare risk for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) hospitalizations (RSVH) for preterm infants 29 to 34 weeks gestational age (wGA) versus term infants before and after 2014 guidance changes for immunoprophylaxis (IP), using data from the 2012 to 2016 RSV seasons.

Study Design: Using commercial and Medicaid claims databases, infants born between July 1, 2011 and June 30, 2016 were categorized as preterm or term. RSVH during the RSV season (November-March) were identified for infants aged <6 months and rate ratios (RRs) for hospitalization comparing preterm and term infants were calculated.

JAK/STAT Blockade Alters Synovial Bioenergetics, Mitochondrial Function, and Proinflammatory Mediators in Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Objective: To examine the effects of tofacitinib on metabolic activity, mitochondrial function, and proinflammatory mechanisms in rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Methods: Ex vivo RA synovial explants and primary RA synovial fibroblasts (RASFs) were cultured with 1 μM tofacitinib. RASF bioenergetics were assessed using an XF24 analyzer, and key metabolic genes were assessed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) analysis.